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-
1
Berzofsky JA, Berkower IJ, Epstein SL, 1999. Antigen-antibody interactions and monoclonal antibodies. Paul WE, ed. Fundamental Immunology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 75–110.
-
2
Storch G, 2001. Diagnostic virology. Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Fields Virology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 493–531.
-
3
Richmond JY, McKinney RW, 1993. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 177.
-
4
Burke DS, Monath TP, 2001. Flaviviruses. Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Fields Virology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 1043–1125.
-
5
Ryan J, Dave K, Emmerich E, Fernandez B, Turell M, Johnson J, Gottfried K, Burkhalter K, Kerst A, Hunt A, Wirtz RA, Nasci R, 2003. Wicking assays for the rapid detection of West Nile and St. Louis Encephalitis viral antigens in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 40 :95–99.
-
6
Kuno G, 1998. Universal diagnostic RT-PCR protocol for arboviruses. J Virol Methods 72 :27–41.
-
7
Vodkin MH, McLaughlin GL, Day JF, Shope RE, Novak RJ, 1993. A rapid diagnostic assay for eastern equine encephalomyelitis viral RNA. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :772–776.
-
8
Monroy AM, Scott TW, Webb BA, 1996. Evaluation of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus during vector surveillance. J Med Entomol 33 :449–457.
-
9
Pecor JE, Jones JW, Turell MJ, Fernandez R, Carbajal F, O’Guinn ML, Sardalis MR, Watts DM, Zyzak M, Calampa C, Klein TA, 2000. Annotated checklist of the mosquito species encountered during arboviral studies in Iquitos, Peru (Diptera: Culicidae). J Am Mosq Control Assoc 16 :210–218.
-
10
Turell MJ, Jones JW, Sardalis MR, Dohm DJ, Coleman RE, Watts DM, Fernandez R, Calampa C, Klein TA, 2000. Vector competence of Peruvian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for epizootic and enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. J Med Entomol 37 :835–839.
-
11
Schlesinger S, Schlesinger MJ, 2001. Togaviridae: the viruses and their replication. Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Fields Virology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 895–916.
-
12
O’Guinn ML, Turell MJ, 2002. Effect of triethylamine on the recovery of selected South American alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and bunyaviruses from mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) pools. J Med Entomol 39 :806–808.
-
13
Strizki JM, Repik PM, 1996. Coupled PCR-restriction enzyme analysis for rapid identification of structural gene relationships among strains of eastern equine encephalitis virus. Virus Res 43 :69–75.
-
14
Brault AC, Powers AM, Chavez CLV, Lopez RN, Cachon MF, Gutierrez LFL, Kang W, Tesh RB, Shope RE, Weaver SC, 1999. Genetic and antigenic diversity among eastern equine encephalitis viruses from north, central, and south america. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :579–586.
-
15
Oberste MS, Schmura SM, Weaver SC, Smith JF, 1999. Geographic distribution of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE genotypes in Central America and Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :630–634.
-
16
Pfeffer M, Proebster B, Kinney RM, Kaaden OR, 1997. Genus-specific detection of alphavirus by a semi-nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :709–718.
-
17
Weaver SC, Hagenbaugh A, Bellew LA, Gousset L, Mallampalli V, Holland JJ, Scott TW, 1994. Evolution of alphaviruses in the eastern equine encephalomyelitis complex. J Virol 68 :158–169.
-
18
Goddard J, 2000. Infectious Diseases and Arthropods. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
-
19
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Infections. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 189–212.
-
20
Forghani B, Hagens S, 1995. Diagnosis of viral infections by antigen detection. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial infections. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 79–96.
-
21
Ibrahim MS, Schmaljohn CS, 1998. Detection of PCR-amplified sandfly fever Sicilian virus RNA by colorimetric enzymatic immunoassay. Stephenson JR, Warnes A, eds. Methods in Molecular Medicine: Diagnostic Virology Protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 231–243.
-
22
Roehrig JT, Brown TM, Johnson AJ, Karabatsos N, Martin DA, Mitchell CJ, Nasci RS, 1998. Alphaviruses. Stephenson JR, Warnes A, eds. Methods in Molecular Medicine: Diagnostic Virology Protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 7–18.
-
23
Halonen P, Lovgren T, 1998. Time-resolved fluorescence. Stephenson JR, Warnes A, eds. Methods in Molecular Medicine: Diagnostic Virology Protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 245–255.
-
24
Aberl F, Kosslinger C, 1998. Biosensor-based methods in clinical diagnosis. Reischl U, ed. Methods in Molecular Medicine: Molecular Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 503–517.
-
25
Roder UW, Markey F, 1998. Biomolecular interaction analysis. Reischl U, ed. Methods in Molecular Medicine: Molecular Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 531–554.
-
26
Wiedbrauk DL, Drevon AM, 1995. Nucleic acid detection methods. Wiedbrauk DL, Farkas DH, eds. Molecular methods for virus detection. San Diego: Academic Press, 1–24.
-
27
Forghani B, Erdman DD, 1995. Amplification and detection of viral nucleic acids. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Infections. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 97–120.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 20 | 20 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 305 | 88 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 93 | 24 | 0 |
FIELD DETECTION OF EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS IN THE AMAZON BASIN REGION OF PERU USING REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ADAPTED FOR FIELD IDENTIFICATION OF ARTHROPOD-BORNE PATHOGENS
MONICA L. O’GUINN
MONICA L. O’GUINN
United States Army Center For Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine-Pacific, Camp Zama, Japan; Virology Division, Diagnostics Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Medical Entomology, United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru
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JOHN S. LEE
JOHN S. LEE
United States Army Center For Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine-Pacific, Camp Zama, Japan; Virology Division, Diagnostics Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Medical Entomology, United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru
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JOHN P. KONDIG
JOHN P. KONDIG
United States Army Center For Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine-Pacific, Camp Zama, Japan; Virology Division, Diagnostics Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Medical Entomology, United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru
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ROBERTO FERNANDEZ
ROBERTO FERNANDEZ
United States Army Center For Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine-Pacific, Camp Zama, Japan; Virology Division, Diagnostics Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Medical Entomology, United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru
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FAUSTINO CARBAJAL
FAUSTINO CARBAJAL
United States Army Center For Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine-Pacific, Camp Zama, Japan; Virology Division, Diagnostics Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Medical Entomology, United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru
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In support of efforts to develop rapid diagnostic assays for use in the field, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays were developed to detect arboviruses circulating in the Amazon Basin region of Peru. Previous knowledge of arthropod/pathogen relationships allowed a focused evaluation to be conducted in November 2000 that assessed the feasibility and reliability of a mobile, rapid, field-expedient RT-PCR diagnostic system aimed at detecting eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) in Culex (Melanoconion) pedroi mosquitoes. Modifications were made to a commercially available mobile molecular laboratory kit and assay procedures were tailored for use under harsh environmental conditions with field-collected and field-processed mosquitoes. From CO2 baited mosquito light traps, 3,227 Cx. (Mel.) pedroi mosquitoes were collected and sorted into 117 pools. The pools were processed and assayed in the field by RT-PCR and five of those pools were found positive for EEEV. Laboratory sequence analysis confirmed the presence of two distinct subtypes of EEEV.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Berzofsky JA, Berkower IJ, Epstein SL, 1999. Antigen-antibody interactions and monoclonal antibodies. Paul WE, ed. Fundamental Immunology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 75–110.
-
2
Storch G, 2001. Diagnostic virology. Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Fields Virology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 493–531.
-
3
Richmond JY, McKinney RW, 1993. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 177.
-
4
Burke DS, Monath TP, 2001. Flaviviruses. Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Fields Virology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 1043–1125.
-
5
Ryan J, Dave K, Emmerich E, Fernandez B, Turell M, Johnson J, Gottfried K, Burkhalter K, Kerst A, Hunt A, Wirtz RA, Nasci R, 2003. Wicking assays for the rapid detection of West Nile and St. Louis Encephalitis viral antigens in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 40 :95–99.
-
6
Kuno G, 1998. Universal diagnostic RT-PCR protocol for arboviruses. J Virol Methods 72 :27–41.
-
7
Vodkin MH, McLaughlin GL, Day JF, Shope RE, Novak RJ, 1993. A rapid diagnostic assay for eastern equine encephalomyelitis viral RNA. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :772–776.
-
8
Monroy AM, Scott TW, Webb BA, 1996. Evaluation of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus during vector surveillance. J Med Entomol 33 :449–457.
-
9
Pecor JE, Jones JW, Turell MJ, Fernandez R, Carbajal F, O’Guinn ML, Sardalis MR, Watts DM, Zyzak M, Calampa C, Klein TA, 2000. Annotated checklist of the mosquito species encountered during arboviral studies in Iquitos, Peru (Diptera: Culicidae). J Am Mosq Control Assoc 16 :210–218.
-
10
Turell MJ, Jones JW, Sardalis MR, Dohm DJ, Coleman RE, Watts DM, Fernandez R, Calampa C, Klein TA, 2000. Vector competence of Peruvian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for epizootic and enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. J Med Entomol 37 :835–839.
-
11
Schlesinger S, Schlesinger MJ, 2001. Togaviridae: the viruses and their replication. Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Fields Virology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 895–916.
-
12
O’Guinn ML, Turell MJ, 2002. Effect of triethylamine on the recovery of selected South American alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and bunyaviruses from mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) pools. J Med Entomol 39 :806–808.
-
13
Strizki JM, Repik PM, 1996. Coupled PCR-restriction enzyme analysis for rapid identification of structural gene relationships among strains of eastern equine encephalitis virus. Virus Res 43 :69–75.
-
14
Brault AC, Powers AM, Chavez CLV, Lopez RN, Cachon MF, Gutierrez LFL, Kang W, Tesh RB, Shope RE, Weaver SC, 1999. Genetic and antigenic diversity among eastern equine encephalitis viruses from north, central, and south america. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :579–586.
-
15
Oberste MS, Schmura SM, Weaver SC, Smith JF, 1999. Geographic distribution of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE genotypes in Central America and Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :630–634.
-
16
Pfeffer M, Proebster B, Kinney RM, Kaaden OR, 1997. Genus-specific detection of alphavirus by a semi-nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :709–718.
-
17
Weaver SC, Hagenbaugh A, Bellew LA, Gousset L, Mallampalli V, Holland JJ, Scott TW, 1994. Evolution of alphaviruses in the eastern equine encephalomyelitis complex. J Virol 68 :158–169.
-
18
Goddard J, 2000. Infectious Diseases and Arthropods. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
-
19
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Infections. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 189–212.
-
20
Forghani B, Hagens S, 1995. Diagnosis of viral infections by antigen detection. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial infections. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 79–96.
-
21
Ibrahim MS, Schmaljohn CS, 1998. Detection of PCR-amplified sandfly fever Sicilian virus RNA by colorimetric enzymatic immunoassay. Stephenson JR, Warnes A, eds. Methods in Molecular Medicine: Diagnostic Virology Protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 231–243.
-
22
Roehrig JT, Brown TM, Johnson AJ, Karabatsos N, Martin DA, Mitchell CJ, Nasci RS, 1998. Alphaviruses. Stephenson JR, Warnes A, eds. Methods in Molecular Medicine: Diagnostic Virology Protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 7–18.
-
23
Halonen P, Lovgren T, 1998. Time-resolved fluorescence. Stephenson JR, Warnes A, eds. Methods in Molecular Medicine: Diagnostic Virology Protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 245–255.
-
24
Aberl F, Kosslinger C, 1998. Biosensor-based methods in clinical diagnosis. Reischl U, ed. Methods in Molecular Medicine: Molecular Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 503–517.
-
25
Roder UW, Markey F, 1998. Biomolecular interaction analysis. Reischl U, ed. Methods in Molecular Medicine: Molecular Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 531–554.
-
26
Wiedbrauk DL, Drevon AM, 1995. Nucleic acid detection methods. Wiedbrauk DL, Farkas DH, eds. Molecular methods for virus detection. San Diego: Academic Press, 1–24.
-
27
Forghani B, Erdman DD, 1995. Amplification and detection of viral nucleic acids. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Infections. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 97–120.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 20 | 20 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 305 | 88 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 93 | 24 | 0 |