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-
1
WHO, 2000. Water Supply and Sanitation Council, Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report. New York: UNICEF.
-
2
Prüss A, Kay D, Fewtrell L, Bartram J, 2002. Estimating the burden of disease from water, sanitation, and hygiene at the global level. Environ Health Perspect 110: 537–542.
-
3
Esrey SA, Potash JB, Roberts L, Shiff C, 1991. Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Bull World Health Organ 69 :609–621.
-
4
Feachem RG, 1984. Interventions for control of diarrheal diseases among young children: promotion of personal and domestic hygiene. Bull World Health Organ 62 :467–476.
-
5
Khalil K, Lindblom GB, Mazhar K, Khan SR, Kajiser B, 1993. Early child health in Lahore, Pakistan: VIII. Microbiology. Acta Paediatr 82 (suppl 390):87–94.
-
6
Bhan MK, Bhandari N, Sazawal S, Clemens J, Raj P, Levine M, Kaper J, 1989. Descriptive epidemiology of persistent diarrhoea among young children in rural northern India. Bull World Health Organ 67 :281–288.
-
7
Punyaratabandhu P, Vathanophas K, Vardrithya W, Sangchai R, Athipanyakom S, Echeverria P, Wasi C, 1991. Childhood diarrhoea in a low-income urban community in Bangkok: incidence, clinical features, and child caretaker’s behaviors. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 9 :244–249.
-
8
Cravioto A, Reyes RE, Ortega R, Fernandez G, Hernandez R, Lopez D, 1988. Prospective study of diarrhoeal disease in a cohort of rural Mexican children: incidence and isolated pathogens during the first two years of life. Epidemiol Infect 101 :123–134.
-
9
Smit TK, Steele AD, Peenze I, Jiang X, Estes MK, 1997. Study of Norwalk virus and Mexico virus infections at Ga-Rankuwa Hospital, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa. J Clin Microbiol 35 :2381–2385.
-
10
Brussow H, Sidoti J, Link H, Hoang YK, Barclay D, Dirren H, Freire WB, 1990. Age-specific prevalence of antibody to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Ecuadorian and German children. J Infect Dis 162 :974–977.
-
11
Ungar BL, Gilman RH, Lanata CF, Perez-Schael, 1988. Seroepi-demiology of Cryptosporidium infection in two Latin American populations. J Infect Dis 157 :551–556.
-
12
Vitral CL, Yoshida CF, Lemos ER, Teixera CS, Gaspar AM, 1998. Age-specific prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A in children and adolescents from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1978 and 1995: relationship of prevalence to environmental factors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 93 :1–5.
-
13
Khanna B, Cutler A, Israel NR, Perry M, Lastovica A, Fields PI, Gold BD, 1998. Use caution with serologic testing for Helicobacter pylori infection in children. J Infect Dis 178 :460–465.
-
14
Lindkvist P, Asrat D, Nilsson I, 1996. Age at acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection: comparison of a high and a low prevalence country. Scan J Infect Dis 28 :181–184.
-
15
Cogill B, 2001. Anthropometric Indicators Measurement Guide. Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project. Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development, 39–42.
-
16
WHO, 2001. Iron Deficiency Anemia Assessment, Prevention, and Control: A guide for program managers. Geneva: World Health Organization, 33.
-
17
Pei ZH, Ellison RT, Blaser MJ, 1991. Identification, purification, and characterization of major antigenic proteins of Campylobacter jejuni. J Biol Chem 266 :16363–16369.
-
18
Perez-Perez GI, Dworkin BM, Chodos JE, Blaser MJ, 1988. Campylobacter pylori antibodies in humans. Ann Intern Med 109 :11–17.
-
19
Gold BD, Khanna B, Huang LM, Lee CY, Banatvala N, 1997. Helicobacter pylori acquisition in infancy after decline of maternal passive immunity. Pediatr Res 41 :641–646.
-
20
Perez-Perez GI, Brown WR, Cover TL, Dunn BE, Cao P, Blaser MJ, 1994. Correlation between serological and mucosal inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1 :325–329.
-
21
Priest JW, Li A, Khan M, Arrowood MJ, Lammie PJ, Ong CS, Roberts JM, Isaac-Renton J, 2001. Enzyme immunoassay detection of antigen-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in longitudinal serum samples from patients with cryptosporidiosis. Clin Diag Lab Immunol 8 :415–423.
-
22
Noel JS, Ando T, Leite JP, Green KY, Dingle KE, Estes MK, Seto Y, Monroe SS, Glass RI, 1997. Correlation of patient immune responses with genetically characterized small round-structured viruses involved in outbreaks of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis in the United States, 1990 to 1995. J Med Virol 53 :372–383.
-
23
Bardhan PK, 1997. Epidemiological features of Helicobacter pylori infection in developing countries. Clin Infect Dis 25 :973–978.
-
24
Sathar MA, Gouws E, Simjee AE, Mayat AM, 1997. Seroepidemiological study of Helicobacter pylori infection in South African children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :393–395.
-
25
Qureshi H, Hafiz S, Medhi I, 1999. Helicobacter pylori IgG antibodies in children. J Pak Med Assoc 49 :143–144.
-
26
Bodhidatta L, Hoge CW, Churnrathanakul, Nirdnoy W, Sampathanukul P, Tungtaem C, Raktham S, Smith CD, Echeverria P, 1993. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in a developing country: comparison of two ELISAs and a seroprevalence study. J Infect Dis 168 :1549–1553.
-
27
Glynn MK, Friedman CR, Gold BD, Khanna B, Hutwagner L, Iihoshi N, Revollo C, Quick R, 2002. Seroincidence of Helicobacter pylori infection in a cohort of rural Bolivian children: acquisition and analysis of possible risk factors. Clin Infect Dis 35 :1059–1065.
-
28
Parkinson AJ, Gold BD, Bulkow L, Wainright RB, Swaminathan B, Kanna B, Petersen KM, Fitzgerald MA, 2000. High prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in the Alaska native population and association with low serum ferritin levels in young adults. Clin Diag Lab Immunol 7 :885–888.
-
29
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999. Iron deficiency anemia in Alaska native children - Hooper Bay, Alaska. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 48 :714–716.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1156 | 978 | 147 |
| Full Text Views | 317 | 20 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 108 | 13 | 0 |
PREVALENCE OF INFECTION WITH WATERBORNE PATHOGENS: A SEROEPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY IN CHILDREN 6–36 MONTHS OLD IN SAN JUAN SACATEPEQUEZ, GUATEMALA
ELLEN B. STEINBERG
ELLEN B. STEINBERG
Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit/Guatemala, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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CARLOS E. MENDOZA
CARLOS E. MENDOZA
Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit/Guatemala, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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ROGER GLASS
ROGER GLASS
Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit/Guatemala, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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BYRON ARANA
BYRON ARANA
Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit/Guatemala, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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M. BEATRIZ LOPEZ
M. BEATRIZ LOPEZ
Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit/Guatemala, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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MARICRUZ MEJIA
MARICRUZ MEJIA
Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit/Guatemala, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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BENJAMIN D. GOLD
BENJAMIN D. GOLD
Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit/Guatemala, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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JEFFREY W. PRIEST
JEFFREY W. PRIEST
Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit/Guatemala, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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WILLIAM BIBB
WILLIAM BIBB
Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit/Guatemala, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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STEPHAN S. MONROE
STEPHAN S. MONROE
Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit/Guatemala, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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CARYN BERN
CARYN BERN
Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit/Guatemala, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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BETH P. BELL
BETH P. BELL
Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit/Guatemala, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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ROBERT M. HOEKSTRA
ROBERT M. HOEKSTRA
Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit/Guatemala, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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ROBERT KLEIN
ROBERT KLEIN
Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit/Guatemala, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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ERIC D. MINTZ
ERIC D. MINTZ
Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit/Guatemala, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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STEPHEN LUBY
STEPHEN LUBY
Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit/Guatemala, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Water and sanitation interventions in developing countries have historically been difficult to evaluate. We conducted a seroepidemiologic study with the following goals: 1) to determine the feasibility of using antibody markers as indicators of waterborne pathogen infection in the evaluation of water and sanitation intervention projects; 2) to characterize the epidemiology of waterborne diarrheal infections in rural Guatemala, and 3) to measure the age-specific prevalence of antibodies to waterborne pathogens. Between September and December 1999, all children 6–36 months of age in 10 study villages were invited to participate. We collected sufficient serum from 522 of 590 eligible children, and divided them into six-month age groups for analysis (6–12, 13–18, 19–24, 25–30, and 31–36 months). The prevalence of antibodies was lowest in children 6–12 months old compared with the four older age groups for the following pathogens: enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (48%, 81%, 80%, 77%, and 83%), Norwalk virus (27%, 61%, 83%, 94%, and 94%), and Cryptosporidium parvum (27%, 53%, 70%, 67%, and 73%). The prevalence of total antibody to hepatitis A virus increased steadily in the three oldest age groups (40%, 28%, 46%, 60%, and 76%). In contrast, the prevalence of antibody to Helicobacter pylori was relatively constant in all five age groups (20%, 19%, 21%, 25%, and 25%). Serology appears to be an efficient and feasible approach for determining the prevalence of infection with selected waterborne pathogens in very young children. Such an approach may provide a suitable, sensitive, and economical alternative to the cumbersome stool collection methods that have previously been used for evaluation of water and sanitation projects.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
WHO, 2000. Water Supply and Sanitation Council, Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report. New York: UNICEF.
-
2
Prüss A, Kay D, Fewtrell L, Bartram J, 2002. Estimating the burden of disease from water, sanitation, and hygiene at the global level. Environ Health Perspect 110: 537–542.
-
3
Esrey SA, Potash JB, Roberts L, Shiff C, 1991. Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Bull World Health Organ 69 :609–621.
-
4
Feachem RG, 1984. Interventions for control of diarrheal diseases among young children: promotion of personal and domestic hygiene. Bull World Health Organ 62 :467–476.
-
5
Khalil K, Lindblom GB, Mazhar K, Khan SR, Kajiser B, 1993. Early child health in Lahore, Pakistan: VIII. Microbiology. Acta Paediatr 82 (suppl 390):87–94.
-
6
Bhan MK, Bhandari N, Sazawal S, Clemens J, Raj P, Levine M, Kaper J, 1989. Descriptive epidemiology of persistent diarrhoea among young children in rural northern India. Bull World Health Organ 67 :281–288.
-
7
Punyaratabandhu P, Vathanophas K, Vardrithya W, Sangchai R, Athipanyakom S, Echeverria P, Wasi C, 1991. Childhood diarrhoea in a low-income urban community in Bangkok: incidence, clinical features, and child caretaker’s behaviors. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 9 :244–249.
-
8
Cravioto A, Reyes RE, Ortega R, Fernandez G, Hernandez R, Lopez D, 1988. Prospective study of diarrhoeal disease in a cohort of rural Mexican children: incidence and isolated pathogens during the first two years of life. Epidemiol Infect 101 :123–134.
-
9
Smit TK, Steele AD, Peenze I, Jiang X, Estes MK, 1997. Study of Norwalk virus and Mexico virus infections at Ga-Rankuwa Hospital, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa. J Clin Microbiol 35 :2381–2385.
-
10
Brussow H, Sidoti J, Link H, Hoang YK, Barclay D, Dirren H, Freire WB, 1990. Age-specific prevalence of antibody to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Ecuadorian and German children. J Infect Dis 162 :974–977.
-
11
Ungar BL, Gilman RH, Lanata CF, Perez-Schael, 1988. Seroepi-demiology of Cryptosporidium infection in two Latin American populations. J Infect Dis 157 :551–556.
-
12
Vitral CL, Yoshida CF, Lemos ER, Teixera CS, Gaspar AM, 1998. Age-specific prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A in children and adolescents from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1978 and 1995: relationship of prevalence to environmental factors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 93 :1–5.
-
13
Khanna B, Cutler A, Israel NR, Perry M, Lastovica A, Fields PI, Gold BD, 1998. Use caution with serologic testing for Helicobacter pylori infection in children. J Infect Dis 178 :460–465.
-
14
Lindkvist P, Asrat D, Nilsson I, 1996. Age at acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection: comparison of a high and a low prevalence country. Scan J Infect Dis 28 :181–184.
-
15
Cogill B, 2001. Anthropometric Indicators Measurement Guide. Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project. Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development, 39–42.
-
16
WHO, 2001. Iron Deficiency Anemia Assessment, Prevention, and Control: A guide for program managers. Geneva: World Health Organization, 33.
-
17
Pei ZH, Ellison RT, Blaser MJ, 1991. Identification, purification, and characterization of major antigenic proteins of Campylobacter jejuni. J Biol Chem 266 :16363–16369.
-
18
Perez-Perez GI, Dworkin BM, Chodos JE, Blaser MJ, 1988. Campylobacter pylori antibodies in humans. Ann Intern Med 109 :11–17.
-
19
Gold BD, Khanna B, Huang LM, Lee CY, Banatvala N, 1997. Helicobacter pylori acquisition in infancy after decline of maternal passive immunity. Pediatr Res 41 :641–646.
-
20
Perez-Perez GI, Brown WR, Cover TL, Dunn BE, Cao P, Blaser MJ, 1994. Correlation between serological and mucosal inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1 :325–329.
-
21
Priest JW, Li A, Khan M, Arrowood MJ, Lammie PJ, Ong CS, Roberts JM, Isaac-Renton J, 2001. Enzyme immunoassay detection of antigen-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in longitudinal serum samples from patients with cryptosporidiosis. Clin Diag Lab Immunol 8 :415–423.
-
22
Noel JS, Ando T, Leite JP, Green KY, Dingle KE, Estes MK, Seto Y, Monroe SS, Glass RI, 1997. Correlation of patient immune responses with genetically characterized small round-structured viruses involved in outbreaks of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis in the United States, 1990 to 1995. J Med Virol 53 :372–383.
-
23
Bardhan PK, 1997. Epidemiological features of Helicobacter pylori infection in developing countries. Clin Infect Dis 25 :973–978.
-
24
Sathar MA, Gouws E, Simjee AE, Mayat AM, 1997. Seroepidemiological study of Helicobacter pylori infection in South African children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :393–395.
-
25
Qureshi H, Hafiz S, Medhi I, 1999. Helicobacter pylori IgG antibodies in children. J Pak Med Assoc 49 :143–144.
-
26
Bodhidatta L, Hoge CW, Churnrathanakul, Nirdnoy W, Sampathanukul P, Tungtaem C, Raktham S, Smith CD, Echeverria P, 1993. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in a developing country: comparison of two ELISAs and a seroprevalence study. J Infect Dis 168 :1549–1553.
-
27
Glynn MK, Friedman CR, Gold BD, Khanna B, Hutwagner L, Iihoshi N, Revollo C, Quick R, 2002. Seroincidence of Helicobacter pylori infection in a cohort of rural Bolivian children: acquisition and analysis of possible risk factors. Clin Infect Dis 35 :1059–1065.
-
28
Parkinson AJ, Gold BD, Bulkow L, Wainright RB, Swaminathan B, Kanna B, Petersen KM, Fitzgerald MA, 2000. High prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in the Alaska native population and association with low serum ferritin levels in young adults. Clin Diag Lab Immunol 7 :885–888.
-
29
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999. Iron deficiency anemia in Alaska native children - Hooper Bay, Alaska. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 48 :714–716.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1156 | 978 | 147 |
| Full Text Views | 317 | 20 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 108 | 13 | 0 |