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-
1
Davis GM, Wilke T, Zhang Y, Xu XJ, Qiu CP, Spolsky C, Qiu DC, Li YS, Xia MY, Feng Z, 1999. Snail-Schistosoma, Paragonimus interactions in China: population ecology, genetic diversity, coevolution and emerging diseases. Malacologia 41 :355–377.
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2
Chilton NB, Bao-Zhen Q, Bogh HO, Nansen P, 1999. An electrophoretic comparison of Schistosoma japonicum (Trematoda) from different provinces in the People’s Republic of China suggests the existence of cryptic species. Parasitology 119 :375–383.
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3
Seto E, Xu B, Liang S, Gong P, Wu WP, Davis G, Qiu DC, Gu XG, Spear R, 2002. The use of remote sensing for predictive modeling of schistosomiasis in China. Photogrammetric Engin Remote Sensing 68 :167–174.
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4
Jiang Z, Zheng QS, Wang XF, Guan LZ, Hua HZ, 1997. Analysis of social factors and human behavior attributed to family distribution of schistosomiasis japonica cases. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 28 :285–290.
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5
Jiang Z, Zheng QS, Wang XF, Hua ZH, 1997. Influence of livestock husbandry on schistosomiasis transmission in mountainous regions of Yunnan Province. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 28 :291–295.
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6
The Office of Endemic Disease Control, Ministry of Health, 2000. Handbook of Schistosomiasis Control. Shanghai: Shanghai Science & Technology Press.
-
7
Seto E, Liang S, Qiu D, Gu X, Spear RC, 2001. A protocol for geographically randomized snail surveys in schistosomiasis fieldwork using the global positioning system. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :98–99.
-
8
WHO, 1985. The Control of Schistosomiasis. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization, 113.
-
9
Zhong B, Xiong ME, Zhao LG, Lai YH, Lai J, Chen L, Yin HZ, Sha KY, Zhang Y, Gu XG, 2001. Investigation of water contamination situation in Qionghai Lake area, Xichang, Sichuan. J Practical Parasitic Dis 9 :97–100.
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10
Hubbard A, Liang S, Maszle D, Qiu DC, Gu XG, Spear RC, 2002. Estimating the distribution of worm burden and egg excretion of Schistosoma japonicum by risk group in Sichuan Province, China. Parasitology 125 :221–231.
-
11
Li YS, Sleigh AC, Ross AGP, Li Y, Williams GM, Forsyth SJ, Tanner M, McManus DP, 1999. A 2-year prospective study in China provides epidemiological evidence for resistance in humans to re-infection with Schistosoma japonicum. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :629–642.
-
12
Ross AG, Yuesheng L, Sleigh AC, Williams GM, Hartel GF, Forsyth SJ, Yi L, McManus DP, 1998. Measuring exposure to S. japonicum in China. I. Activity diaries to assess water contact and comparison to other measures. Acta Trop 71 :213–228.
-
13
Lengeler C, Utzinger J, Tanner M, 2002. Screening for schistosomiasis with questionnaires. Trends Parasitol 18 :375–377.
-
14
Lengeler C, Utzinger J, Tanner M, 2002. Questionnaires for rapid screening of schistosomiasis in sub- Saharan Africa. Bull World Health Organ 80 :235–242.
-
15
Lund CC, Browder NC, 1944. The estimate of areas of burns. Surg Gynecol Obstet 79 :352–361.
-
16
Mosteller RD, 1987. Simplified calculation of body-surface area (letter). N Engl J Med 317 :1098.
-
17
Liang S, Zhao WX, Gu XG, Xu FS, Li YX, Li XJ, Liu HC, Li YN, 1997. A report on natural water infection of schistosoma cercariae in mountainous and hilly regions of Sichuan. Ministry of Health, ed. Schistosomiasis Research and Control in China. Nanjing: Nanjing University Press, 260–262.
-
18
Scott JT, Diakhate M, Vereecken K, Fall A, Diop M, Ly A, De Clercq D, de Vlas SJ, Berkvens D, Kestens L, Gryseels B, 2003. Human water contacts patterns in Schistosoma mansoni epidemic foci in northern Senegal change according to age, sex and place of residence, but are not related to intensity of infection. Trop Med Int Health 8 :100–108.
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19
Liang S, Maszle D, Spear RC, 2002. A quantitative framework for a multi-group model of Schistosomiasis japonicum transmission dynamics and control in Sichuan, China. Acta Trop 82 :263–277.
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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE TRANSMISSION OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM IN THE MOUNTAINS OF SICHUAN PROVINCE OF CHINA
ROBERT C. SPEAR
ROBERT C. SPEAR
Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California: Sichuan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China; Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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EDMUND SETO
EDMUND SETO
Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California: Sichuan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China; Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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SONG LIANG
SONG LIANG
Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California: Sichuan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China; Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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MERRILL BIRKNER
MERRILL BIRKNER
Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California: Sichuan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China; Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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ALAN HUBBARD
ALAN HUBBARD
Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California: Sichuan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China; Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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DONGCHUAN QIU
DONGCHUAN QIU
Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California: Sichuan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China; Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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CHANGHONG YANG
CHANGHONG YANG
Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California: Sichuan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China; Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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BO ZHONG
BO ZHONG
Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California: Sichuan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China; Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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FASHEN XU
FASHEN XU
Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California: Sichuan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China; Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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XUEGUANG GU
XUEGUANG GU
Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California: Sichuan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China; Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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GEORGE M. DAVIS
GEORGE M. DAVIS
Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California: Sichuan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China; Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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Twenty villages in the Anning River Valley of southwestern Sichuan China were surveyed for Schistosoma japonicum infections in humans and domestic animals. Also surveyed were human water contact patterns, snail populations, cercarial risk in irrigation systems, and agricultural land use. Few animals were infected, while village prevalence of infection in humans ranged from 3% to 68% and average village eggs per gram of stool ranged from 0 to 110. Except for occupation and education, individual characteristics were not strong determinants of infection intensity within a village. Differences in human infection intensity between these villages are strongly associated with crop type, with low-intensity villages principally growing rice, in contrast to villages devoting more land to vegetables and tobacco. Cercarial risk in village irrigation systems is associated with snail density and human infection intensity through the use of manure-based fertilizer. Some of the agricultural and environmental factors associated with infection risk can be quantified using remote sensing technology.
Author Notes
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Reference Manager
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-
1
Davis GM, Wilke T, Zhang Y, Xu XJ, Qiu CP, Spolsky C, Qiu DC, Li YS, Xia MY, Feng Z, 1999. Snail-Schistosoma, Paragonimus interactions in China: population ecology, genetic diversity, coevolution and emerging diseases. Malacologia 41 :355–377.
-
2
Chilton NB, Bao-Zhen Q, Bogh HO, Nansen P, 1999. An electrophoretic comparison of Schistosoma japonicum (Trematoda) from different provinces in the People’s Republic of China suggests the existence of cryptic species. Parasitology 119 :375–383.
-
3
Seto E, Xu B, Liang S, Gong P, Wu WP, Davis G, Qiu DC, Gu XG, Spear R, 2002. The use of remote sensing for predictive modeling of schistosomiasis in China. Photogrammetric Engin Remote Sensing 68 :167–174.
-
4
Jiang Z, Zheng QS, Wang XF, Guan LZ, Hua HZ, 1997. Analysis of social factors and human behavior attributed to family distribution of schistosomiasis japonica cases. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 28 :285–290.
-
5
Jiang Z, Zheng QS, Wang XF, Hua ZH, 1997. Influence of livestock husbandry on schistosomiasis transmission in mountainous regions of Yunnan Province. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 28 :291–295.
-
6
The Office of Endemic Disease Control, Ministry of Health, 2000. Handbook of Schistosomiasis Control. Shanghai: Shanghai Science & Technology Press.
-
7
Seto E, Liang S, Qiu D, Gu X, Spear RC, 2001. A protocol for geographically randomized snail surveys in schistosomiasis fieldwork using the global positioning system. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :98–99.
-
8
WHO, 1985. The Control of Schistosomiasis. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization, 113.
-
9
Zhong B, Xiong ME, Zhao LG, Lai YH, Lai J, Chen L, Yin HZ, Sha KY, Zhang Y, Gu XG, 2001. Investigation of water contamination situation in Qionghai Lake area, Xichang, Sichuan. J Practical Parasitic Dis 9 :97–100.
-
10
Hubbard A, Liang S, Maszle D, Qiu DC, Gu XG, Spear RC, 2002. Estimating the distribution of worm burden and egg excretion of Schistosoma japonicum by risk group in Sichuan Province, China. Parasitology 125 :221–231.
-
11
Li YS, Sleigh AC, Ross AGP, Li Y, Williams GM, Forsyth SJ, Tanner M, McManus DP, 1999. A 2-year prospective study in China provides epidemiological evidence for resistance in humans to re-infection with Schistosoma japonicum. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :629–642.
-
12
Ross AG, Yuesheng L, Sleigh AC, Williams GM, Hartel GF, Forsyth SJ, Yi L, McManus DP, 1998. Measuring exposure to S. japonicum in China. I. Activity diaries to assess water contact and comparison to other measures. Acta Trop 71 :213–228.
-
13
Lengeler C, Utzinger J, Tanner M, 2002. Screening for schistosomiasis with questionnaires. Trends Parasitol 18 :375–377.
-
14
Lengeler C, Utzinger J, Tanner M, 2002. Questionnaires for rapid screening of schistosomiasis in sub- Saharan Africa. Bull World Health Organ 80 :235–242.
-
15
Lund CC, Browder NC, 1944. The estimate of areas of burns. Surg Gynecol Obstet 79 :352–361.
-
16
Mosteller RD, 1987. Simplified calculation of body-surface area (letter). N Engl J Med 317 :1098.
-
17
Liang S, Zhao WX, Gu XG, Xu FS, Li YX, Li XJ, Liu HC, Li YN, 1997. A report on natural water infection of schistosoma cercariae in mountainous and hilly regions of Sichuan. Ministry of Health, ed. Schistosomiasis Research and Control in China. Nanjing: Nanjing University Press, 260–262.
-
18
Scott JT, Diakhate M, Vereecken K, Fall A, Diop M, Ly A, De Clercq D, de Vlas SJ, Berkvens D, Kestens L, Gryseels B, 2003. Human water contacts patterns in Schistosoma mansoni epidemic foci in northern Senegal change according to age, sex and place of residence, but are not related to intensity of infection. Trop Med Int Health 8 :100–108.
-
19
Liang S, Maszle D, Spear RC, 2002. A quantitative framework for a multi-group model of Schistosomiasis japonicum transmission dynamics and control in Sichuan, China. Acta Trop 82 :263–277.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 24 | 24 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 517 | 114 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 227 | 37 | 0 |