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-
1
Yamey G, Torreele E, 2002. The world’s most neglected diseases. BMJ 325: 176–177.
-
2
Seaman J, Mercer AJ, Sondorp E, 1996. The epidemic of visceral leishmaniasis in western Upper Nile, southern Sudan: course and impact from 1984 to 1994. Int J Epidemiol 25 :862–871.
-
3
Bern C, Joshi AB, Jha SN, Das ML, Hightower A, Thakur GD, Bista MB, 2000. Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: bed-net use is strongly protective. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :184–188.
-
4
Herwaldt BL, Berman JD, 1992. Recommendations for treating leishmaniasis with sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) and review of pertinent clinical studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 46 :296–306.
-
5
el-Masum MA, Evans DA, Minter DM, el Harith A, 1995. Visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh: the value of DAT as a diagnostic tool. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :185–186.
-
6
Boelaert M, Criel B, Leeuwenburg J, van Damme W, Le Ray D, van der Stuyft P, 2000. Visceral leishmaniasis control: a public health perspective. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :465–471.
-
7
Desjeux P, 1996. Leishmaniasis. Public health aspects and control. Clin Dermatol 14 :417–423.
-
8
Murray CJL, Lopez AD, 1996. Global Health Statistics: A Compendium of Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality Estimates for Over 200 Conditions. Murray CJL, Lopez AD, eds. Global Burden of Disease and Injury Series. Volume II. Boston: Harvard University Press.
-
9
Directorate General for Health Services, 2001. National Kala Azar Surveillance Data. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Government of Bangladesh.
-
10
Koirala S, Parija SC, Karki P, Das ML, 1998. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about kala-azar and its sandfly vector in rural communities of Nepal. Bull World Health Organ 76 :485–490.
-
11
Badaro R, Jones TC, Lorenco R, Cerf BJ, Sampaio D, Carvalho EM, Rocha H, Teixeira R, Johnson WD Jr, 1986. A prospective study of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Brazil. J Infect Dis 154 :639–649.
-
12
Cerf BJ, Jones TC, Badaro R, Sampaio D, Teixeira R, Johnson WD Jr, 1987. Malnutrition as a risk factor for severe visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 156 :1030–1033.
-
13
Chappuis F, Rijal S, Singh R, Acharya P, Karki BM, Das ML, Bovier PA, Desjeux P, Le Ray D, Koirala S, Loutan L, 2003. Prospective evaluation and comparison of the direct agglutination test and an rK39-antigen-based dipstick test for the diagnosis of suspected kala-azar in Nepal. Trop Med Int Health 8 :277–285.
-
14
Bern C, Jha SN, Joshi AB, Thakur GD, Bista MB, 2000. Use of the recombinant K39 dipstick test and the direct agglutination test in a setting endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :153–157.
-
15
Stewart D, Shamdasani PN, 1990. Focus Groups: Theory and Practice. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
-
16
Carey JW, Wenzel P, Reilly C, Sheridan J, Steinberg J, 1997. CDC EZ-Text: Software for Collection, Management and Analysis of Semi-Structured Qualitative Databases. Atlanta: Conwal Incorporated for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
17
Miles MB, Huberman MA, 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 337 | 208 | 7 |
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VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS: CONSEQUENCES OF A NEGLECTED DISEASE IN A BANGLADESHI COMMUNITY
INDU B. AHLUWALIA
INDU B. AHLUWALIA
Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and the Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Systems and Infectious Diseases Division and Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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CARYN BERN
CARYN BERN
Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and the Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Systems and Infectious Diseases Division and Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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CRISTIANE COSTA
CRISTIANE COSTA
Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and the Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Systems and Infectious Diseases Division and Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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TANGIN AKTER
TANGIN AKTER
Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and the Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Systems and Infectious Diseases Division and Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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RAJIB CHOWDHURY
RAJIB CHOWDHURY
Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and the Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Systems and Infectious Diseases Division and Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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MUSTAKIM ALI
MUSTAKIM ALI
Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and the Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Systems and Infectious Diseases Division and Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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DIDARUL ALAM
DIDARUL ALAM
Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and the Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Systems and Infectious Diseases Division and Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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EBEN KENAH
EBEN KENAH
Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and the Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Systems and Infectious Diseases Division and Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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JOSEF AMANN
JOSEF AMANN
Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and the Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Systems and Infectious Diseases Division and Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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MEGHLA ISLAM
MEGHLA ISLAM
Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and the Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Systems and Infectious Diseases Division and Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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YUKIKO WAGATSUMA
YUKIKO WAGATSUMA
Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and the Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Systems and Infectious Diseases Division and Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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RASHIDUL HAQUE
RASHIDUL HAQUE
Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and the Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Systems and Infectious Diseases Division and Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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ROBERT F. BREIMAN
ROBERT F. BREIMAN
Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and the Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Systems and Infectious Diseases Division and Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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JAMES H. MAGUIRE
JAMES H. MAGUIRE
Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and the Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Systems and Infectious Diseases Division and Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Visceral leishmaniasis, or kala azar (KA), affects the rural poor, causing significant morbidity and mortality. We examined the epidemiologic, social, and economic impact of KA in a village in Bangladesh. A population-based survey among 2,348 people demonstrated a KA incidence of 2% per year from 2000 to 2002, with a case-fatality rate of 19% among adult women, compared with 6–8% among other demographic groups. Kala azar cases were geographically clustered in certain sections of the village. Anti-leishmanial drug shortages and the high cost of diagnosis and treatment caused substantial emotional and economic hardship for affected families. Communities wanted to learn more about KA, and were willing to take collective action to confront the problems it causes. To decrease the KA burden in endemic areas, community efforts should be supplemented with effective treatment programs to ensure access to appropriate and affordable diagnosis and case management.
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-
1
Yamey G, Torreele E, 2002. The world’s most neglected diseases. BMJ 325: 176–177.
-
2
Seaman J, Mercer AJ, Sondorp E, 1996. The epidemic of visceral leishmaniasis in western Upper Nile, southern Sudan: course and impact from 1984 to 1994. Int J Epidemiol 25 :862–871.
-
3
Bern C, Joshi AB, Jha SN, Das ML, Hightower A, Thakur GD, Bista MB, 2000. Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: bed-net use is strongly protective. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :184–188.
-
4
Herwaldt BL, Berman JD, 1992. Recommendations for treating leishmaniasis with sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) and review of pertinent clinical studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 46 :296–306.
-
5
el-Masum MA, Evans DA, Minter DM, el Harith A, 1995. Visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh: the value of DAT as a diagnostic tool. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :185–186.
-
6
Boelaert M, Criel B, Leeuwenburg J, van Damme W, Le Ray D, van der Stuyft P, 2000. Visceral leishmaniasis control: a public health perspective. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :465–471.
-
7
Desjeux P, 1996. Leishmaniasis. Public health aspects and control. Clin Dermatol 14 :417–423.
-
8
Murray CJL, Lopez AD, 1996. Global Health Statistics: A Compendium of Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality Estimates for Over 200 Conditions. Murray CJL, Lopez AD, eds. Global Burden of Disease and Injury Series. Volume II. Boston: Harvard University Press.
-
9
Directorate General for Health Services, 2001. National Kala Azar Surveillance Data. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Government of Bangladesh.
-
10
Koirala S, Parija SC, Karki P, Das ML, 1998. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about kala-azar and its sandfly vector in rural communities of Nepal. Bull World Health Organ 76 :485–490.
-
11
Badaro R, Jones TC, Lorenco R, Cerf BJ, Sampaio D, Carvalho EM, Rocha H, Teixeira R, Johnson WD Jr, 1986. A prospective study of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Brazil. J Infect Dis 154 :639–649.
-
12
Cerf BJ, Jones TC, Badaro R, Sampaio D, Teixeira R, Johnson WD Jr, 1987. Malnutrition as a risk factor for severe visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 156 :1030–1033.
-
13
Chappuis F, Rijal S, Singh R, Acharya P, Karki BM, Das ML, Bovier PA, Desjeux P, Le Ray D, Koirala S, Loutan L, 2003. Prospective evaluation and comparison of the direct agglutination test and an rK39-antigen-based dipstick test for the diagnosis of suspected kala-azar in Nepal. Trop Med Int Health 8 :277–285.
-
14
Bern C, Jha SN, Joshi AB, Thakur GD, Bista MB, 2000. Use of the recombinant K39 dipstick test and the direct agglutination test in a setting endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :153–157.
-
15
Stewart D, Shamdasani PN, 1990. Focus Groups: Theory and Practice. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
-
16
Carey JW, Wenzel P, Reilly C, Sheridan J, Steinberg J, 1997. CDC EZ-Text: Software for Collection, Management and Analysis of Semi-Structured Qualitative Databases. Atlanta: Conwal Incorporated for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
17
Miles MB, Huberman MA, 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 337 | 208 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 391 | 14 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 77 | 9 | 0 |