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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
2
Carter R, Mendis K, 2002. Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev 15 :564–594.
-
3
Sachs G, 2000. Economic analyses indicates that the burden of malaria is great. Report of the African Summit on Roll Back Malaria, Abuja, April 25, 2000. Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/CDS/RBM/2000.17.
-
4
Jones WHS, 1909. Malaria and Greek History. Manchester, United Kingdom: Manchester University Press.
-
5
Meremikwu MM, Asindi AA, Ezedinachi E, 1997. The pattern of neurological sequelae of childhood cerebral malaria among survivors in Calabar, Nigeria. Cent Afr J Med 43 :231–234.
-
6
Varney NR, Roberts RJ, Springer JA, Connell SK, Wood PS, 1997. Neuropsychiatric sequelae of cerebral malaria in Vietnam veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis 185 :695–703.
-
7
Dugbartey AT, Dugbartey MT, Apedo MY, 1998. Delayed neuropsychiatric effects of malaria in Ghana. J Nerv Ment Dis 186 :183–186.
-
8
Dugbartey AT, Spellacy FJ, Dugbartey MT, 1998. Somatosensory discrimination deficits following pediatric cerebral malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :393–396.
-
9
Holding PA, Peshu N, Stevenson J, Marsh K, 1999. Cognitive sequelae of severe malaria with impaired consciousness. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :529–534.
-
10
Boivin MJ, 2002. Effects of early cerebral malaria on cognitive ability in Senegalese children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 22 :353–364.
-
11
Anderson WK, 1927. Malaria Psychoses and Neuroses. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
-
12
Gamage-Mendis AC, Carter R, Mendis C, De Zoysa APK, Herath PRJ, Mendis KN, 1991. Malaria infections are clustered within an endemic population: risk of malaria associated with house construction type. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45 :77–85.
-
13
Gunawardena DM, Wickremasinghe AR, Muthuwatta L, Weerasingha S, Rajakaruna J, Senanayaka T, Kotta PK, Attanayake N, Carter R, Mendis KN, 1998. Malaria risk factors in an endemic region, and the impact and cost implications of risk factor-based interventions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :533–542.
-
14
Nokes C, Cooper ES, Robinson BA, Bundy DA, 1991. Geohelminth infection and academic assessment in Jamaican children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85 :272–273.
-
15
Clark IA, Rockett KA, Cowden WB, 1991. Proposed link between cytokines, nitric oxide and pathology of malaria. Parasitol Today 7 :205–207.
-
16
Clark IA, Rockett KA, Cowden WB, 1991. Role of TNF in cerebral malaria. Lancet 337 :302–303.
-
17
Berendt AR, Turner GDH, Newbold CI, 1994. Cerebral malaria: the sequestration hypothesis. Parasitol Today 10 :412–414.
-
18
Grau GE, de Kossodo S, 1994. Cerebral malaria: mediators, mechanical obstruction or more? Parasitol Today 10 :408–409.
-
19
Baddeley A, 1992. Is working memory working? Fifteenth Bartlet lecture. Q J Exp Psychol A 44 :1–31.
-
20
Pollitt E, 1990. Malnutrition and Infection in the Classroom. Paris: UNESCO.
-
21
Lozoff B, 1990. Has iron deficiency been shown to cause altered behaviour in infants? Dobbing J, ed. Brain, Behaviour and Iron in the Infant. London: Springer-Verlag, 107–131.
-
22
Simeon DT, Grantham-McGregor SM, 1990. Nutritional deficiencies and children’s behavior and mental development. Nutr Res Rev 3 :1–24.
-
23
Nokes C, Van den Bosch C, Bundy DAP, 1998. The Effects of Iron Deficiency and Anemia on Mental and Motor Performance, Educational Achievement, and Behavior in Children: A Technical Review. Washington, DC: International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group.
-
24
Connolly KJ, Kvalsvig JD, 1993. Infection, nutrition and cognitive performance in children. Parasitology 107 :S187–S200.
-
25
Fernando SD, Paranavitane SR, Rajakaruna J, Weerasinghe S, De Silva D, Wickremasinghe AR, 2000. The health and nutritional status of school children in two rural communities in Sri Lanka. Trop Med Int Health 5 :450–452.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1199 | 1039 | 54 |
| Full Text Views | 677 | 7 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 428 | 14 | 0 |
THE IMPACT OF REPEATED MALARIA ATTACKS ON THE SCHOOL PERFORMANCE OF CHILDREN
S. D. FERNANDO
S. D. FERNANDO
Department of Parasitology, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Division of Biologic Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Roll Back Malaria Project, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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D. M. GUNAWARDENA
D. M. GUNAWARDENA
Department of Parasitology, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Division of Biologic Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Roll Back Malaria Project, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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M. R. S. S. BANDARA
M. R. S. S. BANDARA
Department of Parasitology, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Division of Biologic Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Roll Back Malaria Project, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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D. DE SILVA
D. DE SILVA
Department of Parasitology, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Division of Biologic Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Roll Back Malaria Project, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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R. CARTER
R. CARTER
Department of Parasitology, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Division of Biologic Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Roll Back Malaria Project, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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K. N. MENDIS
K. N. MENDIS
Department of Parasitology, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Division of Biologic Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Roll Back Malaria Project, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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A. R. WICKREMASINGHE
A. R. WICKREMASINGHE
Department of Parasitology, and Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Division of Biologic Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Roll Back Malaria Project, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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The impact of repeated malarial infections on the school performance of children was investigated in 571 school children 6–14 years of age in a malaria-endemic area in southern Sri Lanka where both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infections are prevalent. Malaria infections confirmed by microscopy were monitored over a six-year period. School performance was assessed by two specially designed, school grade-specific, test papers for Sinhala language and mathematics. The scores for Sinhala language and mathematics for each school term test for the year 1997 were obtained. Malarial infections were a major predictor of children’s performance in language and mathematics after controlling for parent’s education, monthly family income, and house type. The education of the father predicted language scores but not mathematics scores. A child who experienced more than five attacks of malaria scored approximately 15% less than a child who experienced less than three attacks of malaria. The data suggest that repeated attacks of malaria have an adverse impact on the school performance of children.
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-
2
Carter R, Mendis K, 2002. Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev 15 :564–594.
-
3
Sachs G, 2000. Economic analyses indicates that the burden of malaria is great. Report of the African Summit on Roll Back Malaria, Abuja, April 25, 2000. Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/CDS/RBM/2000.17.
-
4
Jones WHS, 1909. Malaria and Greek History. Manchester, United Kingdom: Manchester University Press.
-
5
Meremikwu MM, Asindi AA, Ezedinachi E, 1997. The pattern of neurological sequelae of childhood cerebral malaria among survivors in Calabar, Nigeria. Cent Afr J Med 43 :231–234.
-
6
Varney NR, Roberts RJ, Springer JA, Connell SK, Wood PS, 1997. Neuropsychiatric sequelae of cerebral malaria in Vietnam veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis 185 :695–703.
-
7
Dugbartey AT, Dugbartey MT, Apedo MY, 1998. Delayed neuropsychiatric effects of malaria in Ghana. J Nerv Ment Dis 186 :183–186.
-
8
Dugbartey AT, Spellacy FJ, Dugbartey MT, 1998. Somatosensory discrimination deficits following pediatric cerebral malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :393–396.
-
9
Holding PA, Peshu N, Stevenson J, Marsh K, 1999. Cognitive sequelae of severe malaria with impaired consciousness. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :529–534.
-
10
Boivin MJ, 2002. Effects of early cerebral malaria on cognitive ability in Senegalese children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 22 :353–364.
-
11
Anderson WK, 1927. Malaria Psychoses and Neuroses. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
-
12
Gamage-Mendis AC, Carter R, Mendis C, De Zoysa APK, Herath PRJ, Mendis KN, 1991. Malaria infections are clustered within an endemic population: risk of malaria associated with house construction type. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45 :77–85.
-
13
Gunawardena DM, Wickremasinghe AR, Muthuwatta L, Weerasingha S, Rajakaruna J, Senanayaka T, Kotta PK, Attanayake N, Carter R, Mendis KN, 1998. Malaria risk factors in an endemic region, and the impact and cost implications of risk factor-based interventions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :533–542.
-
14
Nokes C, Cooper ES, Robinson BA, Bundy DA, 1991. Geohelminth infection and academic assessment in Jamaican children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85 :272–273.
-
15
Clark IA, Rockett KA, Cowden WB, 1991. Proposed link between cytokines, nitric oxide and pathology of malaria. Parasitol Today 7 :205–207.
-
16
Clark IA, Rockett KA, Cowden WB, 1991. Role of TNF in cerebral malaria. Lancet 337 :302–303.
-
17
Berendt AR, Turner GDH, Newbold CI, 1994. Cerebral malaria: the sequestration hypothesis. Parasitol Today 10 :412–414.
-
18
Grau GE, de Kossodo S, 1994. Cerebral malaria: mediators, mechanical obstruction or more? Parasitol Today 10 :408–409.
-
19
Baddeley A, 1992. Is working memory working? Fifteenth Bartlet lecture. Q J Exp Psychol A 44 :1–31.
-
20
Pollitt E, 1990. Malnutrition and Infection in the Classroom. Paris: UNESCO.
-
21
Lozoff B, 1990. Has iron deficiency been shown to cause altered behaviour in infants? Dobbing J, ed. Brain, Behaviour and Iron in the Infant. London: Springer-Verlag, 107–131.
-
22
Simeon DT, Grantham-McGregor SM, 1990. Nutritional deficiencies and children’s behavior and mental development. Nutr Res Rev 3 :1–24.
-
23
Nokes C, Van den Bosch C, Bundy DAP, 1998. The Effects of Iron Deficiency and Anemia on Mental and Motor Performance, Educational Achievement, and Behavior in Children: A Technical Review. Washington, DC: International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group.
-
24
Connolly KJ, Kvalsvig JD, 1993. Infection, nutrition and cognitive performance in children. Parasitology 107 :S187–S200.
-
25
Fernando SD, Paranavitane SR, Rajakaruna J, Weerasinghe S, De Silva D, Wickremasinghe AR, 2000. The health and nutritional status of school children in two rural communities in Sri Lanka. Trop Med Int Health 5 :450–452.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1199 | 1039 | 54 |
| Full Text Views | 677 | 7 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 428 | 14 | 0 |