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Reference Manager
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-
1
Collier LH, Duke-Elder S, Jones BR, 1958. Experimental trachoma produced by cultured virus. Br J Ophthalmol 42 :705–720.
-
2
Freyche MJ, 1950. Antibiotics and sulfonamides in the treatment of trachoma. Bull World Health Organ 2 :523–544.
-
3
Schachter J, 1983. Rifampin in chlamydial infections. Rev Infect Dis 5 (suppl 3):S562–S564.
-
4
Kuper H, Solomon AW, Buchan J, Zondervan M, Foster A, Mabey D, 2003. A critical review of the SAFE strategy for the prevention of blinding trachoma. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :372–381.
-
5
Bailey RL, Arullendran P, Whittle HC, Mabey DC, 1993. Randomised controlled trial of single-dose azithromycin in treatment of trachoma. Lancet 342 :453–456.
-
6
Tabbara KF, Abu-el-Asrar A, al-Omar O, Choudhury AH, al-Faisal Z, 1996. Single-dose azithromycin in the treatment of trachoma. A randomized, controlled study. Ophthalmology 103 :842–846.
-
7
Dawson CR, Schachter J, Sallam S, Sheta A, Rubinstein RA, Washton H, 1997. A comparison of oral azithromycin with topical oxytetracycline/polymyxin for the treatment of trachoma in children. Clin Infect Dis 24 :363–368.
-
8
Bowman RJ, Sillah A, Van Dehn C, Goode VM, Muquit M, Johnson GJ, Milligan P, Rowley J, Faal H, Bailey RL, 2000. Operational comparison of singledose azithromycin and topical tetracycline for trachoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41 :4074–4079.
-
9
Schachter J, West SK, Mabey D, Dawson CR, Bobo L, Bailey R, Vitale S, Quinn TC, Sheta A, Sallam S, Mkocha H, Faal H, 1999. Azithromycin in control of trachoma. Lancet 354 :630–635.
-
10
World Health Organization, 1998. Global Elimination of Blinding Trachoma. Geneva: World Health Organization. 51st World Health Assembly, Resolution 51.11. Text at http://who.int/pbd/trachoma/wha51-e.htm: World Health Organization.
-
11
Emerson PM, Cairncross S, Bailey RL, Mabey DC, 2000. Review of the evidence base for the ‘F’ and ‘E’ components of the SAFE strategy for trachoma control. Trop Med Int Health 5 :515–527.
-
12
World Health Organization, 1993. Primary Health Care Level Management of Trachoma Geneva: World Health Organization. (WHO/PBL/93.33).
-
13
Thylefors B, Dawson CR, Jones BR, West SK, Taylor HR, 1987. A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complications. Bull World Health Organ 65 :477–483.
-
14
Holm SO, Jha HC, Bhatta RC, Chaudhary JS, Thapa BB, Davis D, Pokhrel RP, Yinghui M, Zegans M, Schachter J, Frick KD, Tapert L, Lietman TM, 2001. Comparison of two azithromycin distribution strategies for controlling trachoma in Nepal. Bull World Health Organ 79 :194–200.
-
15
Taylor HR, Siler JA, Mkocha HA, Munoz B, West S, 1992. The natural history of endemic trachoma: a longitudinal study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 46 :552–559.
-
16
Bailey RL, Hampton TJ, Hayes LJ, Ward ME, Whittle HC, Mabey DC, 1994. Polymerase chain reaction for the detection of ocular chlamydial infection in trachoma-endemic communities. J Infect Dis 170 :709–712.
-
17
Taylor HR, Johnson SL, Prendergast RA, Schachter J, Dawson CR, Silverstein AM, 1982. An animal model of trachoma II. The importance of repeated reinfection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 23 :507–515.
-
18
Thein J, Zhao P, Liu H, Xu J, Jha H, Miao Y, Pizzarello L, Tapert L, Schachter J, Mabon M, Osaki-Holm S, Lietman T, Paxton A, 2002. Does clinical diagnosis indicate ocular chlamydial infection in areas with a low prevalence of trachoma? Ophthalmic Epidemiol 9 :263–269.
-
19
Baral K, Osaki S, Shreshta B, Panta CR, Boulter A, Pang F, Cevallos V, Schachter J, Lietman T, 1999. Reliability of clinical diagnosis in identifying infectious trachoma in a low-prevalence area of Nepal. Bull World Health Organ 77 :461–466.
-
20
Wang SP, Grayston JT, 1970. Immunologic relationship between genital TRIC, lymphogranuloma venereum, and related organisms in a new microtiter indirect immunofluorescence test. Am J Ophthalmol 70 :367–374.
-
21
Treharne JD, 1985. The community epidemiology of trachoma. Rev Infect Dis 7 :760–764.
-
22
West SK, Rapoza P, Munoz B, Katala S, Taylor HR, 1991. Epidemiology of ocular chlamydial infection in a trachoma-hyperendemic area. J Infect Dis 163 :752–756.
-
23
Mabey DC, Robertson JN, Ward ME, 1987. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by enzyme immunoassay in patients with trachoma. Lancet 2 :1491–1492.
-
24
Schachter J, Moncada J, Dawson CR, Sheppard J, Courtright P, Said ME, Zaki S, Hafez SF, Lorincz A, 1988. Nonculture methods for diagnosing chlamydial infection in patients with trachoma: a clue to the pathogenesis of the disease? J Infect Dis 158 :1347–1352.
-
25
Schachter J, Moncada J, 2002. Nucleic acid amplification tests to diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection—the glass is more than half full. Schachter J, Christiansen G, Clarke IN, Hammerschlag MR, Kaltenboeck B, Kuo CC, Rank RG, Ridgway GL, Saikku P, Stamm WE, Stephens RS, Summersgill JT, Timms P, Wyrick PB, eds. Chlamydial Infections: Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infections. Antalya, Turkey: International Chlamydia Symposium, 379–388.
-
26
Bobo L, Munoz B, Viscidi R, Quinn T, Mkocha H, West S, 1991. Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis eye infection in Tanzania by polymerase chain reaction/enzyme immunoassay. Lancet 338 :847–850.
-
27
Bobo LD, Novak N, Munoz B, Hsieh YH, Quinn TC, West S, 1997. Severe disease in children with trachoma is associated with persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infection. J Infect Dis 176 :1524–1530.
-
28
Mabey D, Holland M, Solomon A, Alexander N, Massae P, Aguirre A, Li S, Bailey R, West S, Foster A, 2002. The epidemiology of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a trachoma endemic community determined by quantitative PCR. Schachter J, Christiansen G, Clarke IN, Hammerschlag MR, Kaltenboeck B, Kuo CC, Rank RG, Ridgway GL, Saikku P, Stamm WE, Stephens RS, Summersgill JT, Timms P, Wyrick PB, eds. Chlamydial Infections: Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infections. Antalya, Turkey: International Chlamydia Symposium, 495–498.
-
29
Solomon AW, Holland MJ, Burton MJ, West SK, Alexander ND, Aguirre A, Massae PA, Mkocha H, Munoz B, Johnson GJ, Peeling RW, Bailey RL, Foster A, Mabey DC, 2003. Strategies for control of trachoma: observational study with quantitative PCR. Lancet 362 :198–204.
-
30
Wittwer CT, Ririe KM, Andrew RV, David DA, Gundry RA, Balis UJ, 1997. The LightCycler: a microvolume multisample fluorimeter with rapid temperature control. Biotechniques 22 :176–181.
-
31
Raeymaekers L, 2000. Basic principles of quantitative PCR. Mol Biotechnol 15 :115–122.
-
32
Munoz B, Bobo L, Mkocha H, Lynch M, Hsieh YH, West S, 1999. Incidence of trichiasis in a cohort of women with and without scarring. Int J Epidemiol 28 :1167–1171.
-
33
Solomon AW, Alexander ND, Holland MJ, Aguirre A, Massae PA, Natividad-Sancho A, Safari S, Peeling RW, Bailey RL, West SK, Foster A, Mabey DC, 2003. Longitudinal study of the effect of azithromycin on ocular Chlamydia trachomatis load in a trachoma-endemic community of Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg (in press).
-
34
Treharne JD, 1988. The microbial epidemiology of trachoma. Int Ophthalmol 12 :25–29.
-
35
Grayston JT, Wang SP, Yeh LJ, Kuo CC, 1985. Importance of reinfection in the pathogenesis of trachoma. Rev Infect Dis 7 :717–725.
-
36
Zhang YX, Stewart S, Joseph T, Taylor HR, Caldwell HD, 1987. Protective monoclonal antibodies recognize epitopes located on the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis.J Immunol 138 :575–581.
-
37
Wang SP, Grayston JT, Alexander ER, 1967. Trachoma vaccine studies in monkeys. Am J Ophthalmol 63 (suppl):1615–1630.
-
38
Hayes LJ, Pecharatana S, Bailey RL, Hampton TJ, Pickett MA, Mabey DC, Watt PJ, Ward ME, 1995. Extent and kinetics of genetic change in the ompA gene of Chlamydia trachomatis in two villages with endemic trachoma. J Infect Dis 172 :268–272.
-
39
Hayes LJ, Bailey RL, Mabey DC, Clarke IN, Pickett MA, Watt PJ, Ward ME, 1992. Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis from a trachoma-endemic village in the Gambia by a nested polymerase chain reaction: identification of strain variants. J Infect Dis 166 :1173–1177.
-
40
Smith A, Munoz B, Hsieh YH, Bobo L, Mkocha H, West S, 2001. OmpA genotypic evidence for persistent ocular Chlamydia traschomatis infection in Tanzanian village women. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 8 :127–135.
-
41
Bailey RL, Hayes L, Pickett M, Whittle HC, Ward ME, Mabey DC, 1994. Molecular epidemiology of trachoma in a Gambian village. Br J Ophthalmol 78 :813–817.
-
42
Caldwell HD, Wood H, Crane D, Bailey R, Jones RB, Mabey D, Maclean I, Mohammed Z, Peeling R, Roshick C, Schachter J, Solomon AW, Stamm WE, Suchland RJ, Taylor L, West SK, Quinn TC, Belland RJ, McClarty G, 2003. Polymorphisms in Chlamydia trachomatis tryptophan synthase genes differentiate between genital and ocular isolates. J Clin Invest 111 :1757–1769.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 92 | 92 | 18 |
| Full Text Views | 437 | 113 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 53 | 23 | 1 |
APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR TOOLS IN THE CONTROL OF BLINDING TRACHOMA
DAVID MABEY
DAVID MABEY
Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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ANTHONY W. SOLOMON
ANTHONY W. SOLOMON
Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Search for other papers by ANTHONY W. SOLOMON in
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PubMed
The use of anti-chlamydial antibiotics for trachoma control is based on the assumption that most people with clinically active disease have conjunctival infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. In high prevalence areas, this is generally true. As prevalence decreases, however, the positive predictive value of clinical signs for C. trachomatis infection also decrease. In this paper, the case for using laboratory assays to guide trachoma control strategies is presented, molecular methods for diagnosis (such as a ligase chain reaction and a polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) are compared with earlier techniques, and recent findings of ongoing studies using a quantitative PCR are reviewed. In addition, the contribution of genotyping to our understanding of the epidemiology and biology of C. trachomatis is considered.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Collier LH, Duke-Elder S, Jones BR, 1958. Experimental trachoma produced by cultured virus. Br J Ophthalmol 42 :705–720.
-
2
Freyche MJ, 1950. Antibiotics and sulfonamides in the treatment of trachoma. Bull World Health Organ 2 :523–544.
-
3
Schachter J, 1983. Rifampin in chlamydial infections. Rev Infect Dis 5 (suppl 3):S562–S564.
-
4
Kuper H, Solomon AW, Buchan J, Zondervan M, Foster A, Mabey D, 2003. A critical review of the SAFE strategy for the prevention of blinding trachoma. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :372–381.
-
5
Bailey RL, Arullendran P, Whittle HC, Mabey DC, 1993. Randomised controlled trial of single-dose azithromycin in treatment of trachoma. Lancet 342 :453–456.
-
6
Tabbara KF, Abu-el-Asrar A, al-Omar O, Choudhury AH, al-Faisal Z, 1996. Single-dose azithromycin in the treatment of trachoma. A randomized, controlled study. Ophthalmology 103 :842–846.
-
7
Dawson CR, Schachter J, Sallam S, Sheta A, Rubinstein RA, Washton H, 1997. A comparison of oral azithromycin with topical oxytetracycline/polymyxin for the treatment of trachoma in children. Clin Infect Dis 24 :363–368.
-
8
Bowman RJ, Sillah A, Van Dehn C, Goode VM, Muquit M, Johnson GJ, Milligan P, Rowley J, Faal H, Bailey RL, 2000. Operational comparison of singledose azithromycin and topical tetracycline for trachoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41 :4074–4079.
-
9
Schachter J, West SK, Mabey D, Dawson CR, Bobo L, Bailey R, Vitale S, Quinn TC, Sheta A, Sallam S, Mkocha H, Faal H, 1999. Azithromycin in control of trachoma. Lancet 354 :630–635.
-
10
World Health Organization, 1998. Global Elimination of Blinding Trachoma. Geneva: World Health Organization. 51st World Health Assembly, Resolution 51.11. Text at http://who.int/pbd/trachoma/wha51-e.htm: World Health Organization.
-
11
Emerson PM, Cairncross S, Bailey RL, Mabey DC, 2000. Review of the evidence base for the ‘F’ and ‘E’ components of the SAFE strategy for trachoma control. Trop Med Int Health 5 :515–527.
-
12
World Health Organization, 1993. Primary Health Care Level Management of Trachoma Geneva: World Health Organization. (WHO/PBL/93.33).
-
13
Thylefors B, Dawson CR, Jones BR, West SK, Taylor HR, 1987. A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complications. Bull World Health Organ 65 :477–483.
-
14
Holm SO, Jha HC, Bhatta RC, Chaudhary JS, Thapa BB, Davis D, Pokhrel RP, Yinghui M, Zegans M, Schachter J, Frick KD, Tapert L, Lietman TM, 2001. Comparison of two azithromycin distribution strategies for controlling trachoma in Nepal. Bull World Health Organ 79 :194–200.
-
15
Taylor HR, Siler JA, Mkocha HA, Munoz B, West S, 1992. The natural history of endemic trachoma: a longitudinal study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 46 :552–559.
-
16
Bailey RL, Hampton TJ, Hayes LJ, Ward ME, Whittle HC, Mabey DC, 1994. Polymerase chain reaction for the detection of ocular chlamydial infection in trachoma-endemic communities. J Infect Dis 170 :709–712.
-
17
Taylor HR, Johnson SL, Prendergast RA, Schachter J, Dawson CR, Silverstein AM, 1982. An animal model of trachoma II. The importance of repeated reinfection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 23 :507–515.
-
18
Thein J, Zhao P, Liu H, Xu J, Jha H, Miao Y, Pizzarello L, Tapert L, Schachter J, Mabon M, Osaki-Holm S, Lietman T, Paxton A, 2002. Does clinical diagnosis indicate ocular chlamydial infection in areas with a low prevalence of trachoma? Ophthalmic Epidemiol 9 :263–269.
-
19
Baral K, Osaki S, Shreshta B, Panta CR, Boulter A, Pang F, Cevallos V, Schachter J, Lietman T, 1999. Reliability of clinical diagnosis in identifying infectious trachoma in a low-prevalence area of Nepal. Bull World Health Organ 77 :461–466.
-
20
Wang SP, Grayston JT, 1970. Immunologic relationship between genital TRIC, lymphogranuloma venereum, and related organisms in a new microtiter indirect immunofluorescence test. Am J Ophthalmol 70 :367–374.
-
21
Treharne JD, 1985. The community epidemiology of trachoma. Rev Infect Dis 7 :760–764.
-
22
West SK, Rapoza P, Munoz B, Katala S, Taylor HR, 1991. Epidemiology of ocular chlamydial infection in a trachoma-hyperendemic area. J Infect Dis 163 :752–756.
-
23
Mabey DC, Robertson JN, Ward ME, 1987. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by enzyme immunoassay in patients with trachoma. Lancet 2 :1491–1492.
-
24
Schachter J, Moncada J, Dawson CR, Sheppard J, Courtright P, Said ME, Zaki S, Hafez SF, Lorincz A, 1988. Nonculture methods for diagnosing chlamydial infection in patients with trachoma: a clue to the pathogenesis of the disease? J Infect Dis 158 :1347–1352.
-
25
Schachter J, Moncada J, 2002. Nucleic acid amplification tests to diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection—the glass is more than half full. Schachter J, Christiansen G, Clarke IN, Hammerschlag MR, Kaltenboeck B, Kuo CC, Rank RG, Ridgway GL, Saikku P, Stamm WE, Stephens RS, Summersgill JT, Timms P, Wyrick PB, eds. Chlamydial Infections: Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infections. Antalya, Turkey: International Chlamydia Symposium, 379–388.
-
26
Bobo L, Munoz B, Viscidi R, Quinn T, Mkocha H, West S, 1991. Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis eye infection in Tanzania by polymerase chain reaction/enzyme immunoassay. Lancet 338 :847–850.
-
27
Bobo LD, Novak N, Munoz B, Hsieh YH, Quinn TC, West S, 1997. Severe disease in children with trachoma is associated with persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infection. J Infect Dis 176 :1524–1530.
-
28
Mabey D, Holland M, Solomon A, Alexander N, Massae P, Aguirre A, Li S, Bailey R, West S, Foster A, 2002. The epidemiology of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a trachoma endemic community determined by quantitative PCR. Schachter J, Christiansen G, Clarke IN, Hammerschlag MR, Kaltenboeck B, Kuo CC, Rank RG, Ridgway GL, Saikku P, Stamm WE, Stephens RS, Summersgill JT, Timms P, Wyrick PB, eds. Chlamydial Infections: Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infections. Antalya, Turkey: International Chlamydia Symposium, 495–498.
-
29
Solomon AW, Holland MJ, Burton MJ, West SK, Alexander ND, Aguirre A, Massae PA, Mkocha H, Munoz B, Johnson GJ, Peeling RW, Bailey RL, Foster A, Mabey DC, 2003. Strategies for control of trachoma: observational study with quantitative PCR. Lancet 362 :198–204.
-
30
Wittwer CT, Ririe KM, Andrew RV, David DA, Gundry RA, Balis UJ, 1997. The LightCycler: a microvolume multisample fluorimeter with rapid temperature control. Biotechniques 22 :176–181.
-
31
Raeymaekers L, 2000. Basic principles of quantitative PCR. Mol Biotechnol 15 :115–122.
-
32
Munoz B, Bobo L, Mkocha H, Lynch M, Hsieh YH, West S, 1999. Incidence of trichiasis in a cohort of women with and without scarring. Int J Epidemiol 28 :1167–1171.
-
33
Solomon AW, Alexander ND, Holland MJ, Aguirre A, Massae PA, Natividad-Sancho A, Safari S, Peeling RW, Bailey RL, West SK, Foster A, Mabey DC, 2003. Longitudinal study of the effect of azithromycin on ocular Chlamydia trachomatis load in a trachoma-endemic community of Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg (in press).
-
34
Treharne JD, 1988. The microbial epidemiology of trachoma. Int Ophthalmol 12 :25–29.
-
35
Grayston JT, Wang SP, Yeh LJ, Kuo CC, 1985. Importance of reinfection in the pathogenesis of trachoma. Rev Infect Dis 7 :717–725.
-
36
Zhang YX, Stewart S, Joseph T, Taylor HR, Caldwell HD, 1987. Protective monoclonal antibodies recognize epitopes located on the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis.J Immunol 138 :575–581.
-
37
Wang SP, Grayston JT, Alexander ER, 1967. Trachoma vaccine studies in monkeys. Am J Ophthalmol 63 (suppl):1615–1630.
-
38
Hayes LJ, Pecharatana S, Bailey RL, Hampton TJ, Pickett MA, Mabey DC, Watt PJ, Ward ME, 1995. Extent and kinetics of genetic change in the ompA gene of Chlamydia trachomatis in two villages with endemic trachoma. J Infect Dis 172 :268–272.
-
39
Hayes LJ, Bailey RL, Mabey DC, Clarke IN, Pickett MA, Watt PJ, Ward ME, 1992. Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis from a trachoma-endemic village in the Gambia by a nested polymerase chain reaction: identification of strain variants. J Infect Dis 166 :1173–1177.
-
40
Smith A, Munoz B, Hsieh YH, Bobo L, Mkocha H, West S, 2001. OmpA genotypic evidence for persistent ocular Chlamydia traschomatis infection in Tanzanian village women. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 8 :127–135.
-
41
Bailey RL, Hayes L, Pickett M, Whittle HC, Ward ME, Mabey DC, 1994. Molecular epidemiology of trachoma in a Gambian village. Br J Ophthalmol 78 :813–817.
-
42
Caldwell HD, Wood H, Crane D, Bailey R, Jones RB, Mabey D, Maclean I, Mohammed Z, Peeling R, Roshick C, Schachter J, Solomon AW, Stamm WE, Suchland RJ, Taylor L, West SK, Quinn TC, Belland RJ, McClarty G, 2003. Polymorphisms in Chlamydia trachomatis tryptophan synthase genes differentiate between genital and ocular isolates. J Clin Invest 111 :1757–1769.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 92 | 92 | 18 |
| Full Text Views | 437 | 113 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 53 | 23 | 1 |