Bouharoun-Tayoun H, Oeuvray C, Lunel F, Druilhe P, 1995. Mechanisms underlying the monocyte-mediated antibody-dependent killing of Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood stages. J Exp Med 182 :409–418.
Aucan C, Traore Y, Fumoux F, Rihet P, 2001. Familial correlation of immunoglobulin G subclass responses to Plasmodium falciparum antigens in Burkina Faso. Infect Immun 69 :996–1001.
Egan AF, Morris J, Barnish G, Allen S, Greenwood BM, Kaslow DC, Holder AA, Riley EM, 1996. Clinical immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria is associated with serum antibodies to the 19-kDa C-terminal fragment of the merozoite surface antigen, PfMSP-1. J Infect Dis 173 :765–769.
Bull PC, Lowe BS, Kortok M, Molyneux CS, Newbold CI, Marsh K, 1998. Parasite antigens on the infected red cell surface are targets for naturally acquired immunity to malaria. Nat Med 4 :358–360.
Franks S, Koram KA, Wagner GE, Tetteh K, McGuinness D, Wheeler JG, Nkrumah F, Ranford-Cartwright L, Riley EM, 2001. Frequent and persistent, asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in African infants, characterized by multilocus genotyping. J Infect Dis 183 :796–804.
Nguyen-Dinh P, Steketee RW, Greenberg AE, Wirima JJ, Mulenda O, Williams SB, 1988. Rapid spontaneous postpartum clearance of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in African women. Lancet 2 :751–752.
Fidock DA, Nomura T, Talley AK, Cooper RA, Dzekunov SM, Ferdig MT, Ursos LM, Sidhu AB, Naude B, Deitsch KW, Su X, Wootton JC, Roepe PD, Wellems TE, 2000. Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance. Mol Cell 6 :861–871.
Wellems TE, Plowe CV, 2001. Chloroquine-resistant malaria. J Infect Dis 184 :770–776.
Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Traore O, Guindo A, Kayentao K, Diourte Y, Doumbo SN, Coulibaly D, Kone A, Tekete M, Fofana B, Cissoko Y, Plowe CV, 2001. Application of a molecular marker as an epidemiological surveillance tool for chloroquine resistant malaria. Lancet 358 :890–891.
Reed MB, Saliba KJ, Caruana SR, Kirk K, Cowman AF, 2000. Pgh1 modulates sensitivity and resistance to multiple antimalarials in Plasmodium falciparum.Nature 403 :906–909.
Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Cortese JF, Kayentao K, Doumbo S, Diourte Y, Dicko A, Su XZ, Nomura T, Fidock DA, Wellems TE, Plowe CV, 2001. A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 344 :257–263.
Plowe CV, Doumbo OK, Djimde A, Kayentao K, Diourte Y, Doumbo SN, Coulibaly D, Thera M, Wellems TE, Diallo DA, 2001. Chloroquine treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mali: parasitologic resistance versus therapeutic efficacy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :242–246.
Anonymous, 1996. Assessment of Therapeutic Efficacy of Antimalarial Drugs for Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria in Areas with Intense Transmission. Geneva: World Health Organization, Division of Control of Tropical Diseases.
Diourte Y, Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Sagara I, Coulibaly A, Dicko A, Diallo M, Diakite M, Cortese JF, Plowe CV, 1999. Pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine efficacy and selection for mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase in Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :475–478.
Snow RW, Nahlen B, Palmer A, Donnelly CA, Gupta S, Marsh K, 1998. Risk of severe malaria among African infants: direct evidence of clinical protection during early infancy. J Infect Dis 177 :819–822.
Greenwood BM, Bradley AK, Greenwood AM, Byass P, Jammeh K, Marsh K, Tulloch S, Oldfield FS, Hayes R, 1987. Mortality and morbidity from malaria among children in a rural area of The Gambia, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :478–486.
Riley EM, Wagner GE, Akanmori BD, Koram KA, 2001. Do maternally acquired antibodies protect infants from malaria infection? Parasite Immunol 23 :51–59.
Smith T, Felger I, Tanner M, Beck HP, 1999. Premunition in Plasmodium falciparum infection: insights from the epidemiology of multiple infections. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 (Suppl 1):59–64.
Doumbo O, Toure A, Coulibaly B, Koita O, Traore B, Dolo A, Diallo M, Diallo AN, Quilici M, 1992. Incidence of malaria and S hemoglobinopathy in the pediatric hospital milieu in Bamko, Mali. Med Trop(Mars) 52 :169–174.
Shear HL, Grinberg L, Gilman J, Fabry ME, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Goldberg DE, Nagel RL, 1998. Transgenic mice expressing human fetal globin are protected from malaria by a novel mechanism. Blood 92 :2520–2526.
Charmot G, 1980. Resistance to P. falciparum malaria in tropical Africa: congenital and genetic factors. Med Trop (Mars) 40 :657–665.
Pasvol G, Weatherall DJ, Wilson RJ, Smith DH, Gilles HM, 1976. Fetal haemoglobin and malaria. Lancet 1 :1269–1272.
Modiano D, Petrarca V, Sirima BS, Nebie I, Diallo D, Esposito F, Coluzzi M, 1996. Different response to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in west African sympatric ethnic groups. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 93 :13206–13211.
Keuter M, Sanders J, Ronday M, Veltkamp S, Kamsteeg H, Schouten E, Khalumi G, Ngwawe W, Wetsteyn JC, Brandling-Bennett AD, 1992. Parasitological, clinical and haematological response of children with Plasmodium falciparum to 4-aminoquinolines and to pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine with quinine in western Kenya. Trop Geogr Med 44 :1–8.
Molineaux L, Gramiccia G, 1980. The Garki Project: Research on the Epidemiology and Control of Malaria in the Sudan Savanna of West Africa. Geneva: World Health Organization, 109–172.
Jelinek T, Aida AO, Peyerl-Hoffmann G, Jordan S, Mayor A, Heuschkel C, el Valy AO, von Sonnenburg F, Christophel EM, 2002. Diagnostic value of molecular markers in chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Southern Mauritania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 : 449–453.
Babiker HA, Pringle SJ, Abdel-Muhsin A, Mackinnon M, Hunt P, Walliker D, 2001. High-level chloroquine resistance in Sudanese isolates of Plasmodium falciparum is associated with mutations in the chloroquine resistance transporter gene pfcrt and the multidrug resistance gene pfmdr1.J Infect Dis 183 :1535–1538.
Khalil I, Alifrangis M, Ronn AM, Gabar HA, Jelinek T, Satti GM, Bygbjerg IC, 2002. Pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine combination in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria: relation between dihydropteroate synthase/dihydrofolate reductase genotypes, sulfadoxine plasma levels, and treatment outcome. Am J Trop Med Hyg 670 :225–229.
Chotivanich K, Udomsangpetch R, Dondorp A, Williams T, Angus B, Simpson JA, Pukrittayakamee S, Looareesuwan S, Newbold CI, White NJ, 2000. The mechanisms of parasite clearance after antimalarial treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis 182 :629–633.
Rosa R, Silveira H, Seixas E, Rolao N, Santos-Gomes G, do R, V, 1999. The effect of chloroquine on the production of interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and IL-10 in Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi in infected C57BL6 mice. J Parasitol 85 :956–960.
Mohan K, Sam H, Stevenson MM, 1999. Therapy with a combination of low doses of interleukin 12 and chloroquine completely cures blood-stage malaria, prevents severe anemia, and induces immunity to reinfection. Infect Immun 67 :513–519.
Kremsner PG, Neifer S, Schermuck S, Chaves MF, Sliwa K, Bienzle U, 1991. Interferon-gamma enhances the effect of antimalarial chemotherapy in murine Plasmodium vinckei malaria. J Infect Dis 163 :1161–1163.
Karbwang J, Harinasuta T, 1992. Overview: clinical pharmacology of antimalarials. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 23 (Suppl 4):95–109.
Fontanet AL, Walker AM, 1993. Predictors of treatment failure in multiple drug-resistant falciparum malaria: results from a 42-day follow-up of 224 patients in eastern Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :465–472.
Ekvall H, Premji Z, Bjorkman A, 1998. Chloroquine treatment for uncomplicated childhood malaria in an area with drug resistance: early treatment failure aggravates anaemia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :556–560.
Nosten F, ter Kuile F, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, Luxemburger C, Webster HK, Edstein M, Phaipun L, Thew KL, White NJ, 1991. Mefloquine-resistant falciparum malaria on the Thai-Burmese border. Lancet 337 :1140–1143.
Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Ndeezi G, Babirye JN, Phares CR, Olson JE, Katabira ET, Rosenthal PJ, 2000. Predictors of chloroquine treatment failure in children and adults with falciparum malaria in Kampala, Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :686–692.
Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Singh A, Rosenthal PJ, 2001. Polymorphisms in the Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt and pfmdr-1 genes and clinical response to chloroquine in Kampala, Uganda. J Infect Dis 183 :1417–1420.
Kublin JG, Dzinjalamala FK, Kamwendo DD, Malkin EM, Cortese JF, Martino LM, Mukadam RA, Rogerson SJ, Lescano AG, Molyneux ME, Winstanley PA, Chimpeni P, Taylor TE, Plowe CV, 2002. Molecular markers for failure of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and chlorproguanil-dapsone treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis 185 :380–388.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Full Text Views | 323 | 146 | 2 |
PDF Downloads | 90 | 34 | 2 |
Residents of malaria-endemic areas sometimes spontaneously clear Plasmodium falciparum infection without drug treatment, implying an important role for host factors such as immunity in this clearance. Host factors may also contribute to clearance of parasites resistant to a treatment drug. Chloroquine resistance is caused by point mutations in P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt) gene. We investigated the clearance of malaria parasites carrying the key chloroquine resistance-conferring PfCRT mutation K76T in patients treated with chloroquine. We found that the ability to clear these resistant parasites is strongly dependent on age (the best surrogate for protective immunity in endemic areas), suggesting that host immunity plays a critical role in the clearance of resistant P. falciparum infections. Age-adjusted comparison of subjects able to clear resistant parasites and those unable to do so provides a new phenotype for identifying host immune and genetic factors responsible for protective immunity against malaria.