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1
Thanh NV, Cowman AF, Hipgrave D, Kim TB, Phuc BQ, Cong LD, Biggs BA, 2001. Assessment of susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine, quinine, mefloquine, sulfa-doxine-pyrimethamine and artemisinin in southern Vietnam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :513–517.
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Taylor WR, Doan HN, Nguyen DT, Tran TU, Fryauff DJ, Gómez-Saladín E, Kain KC, Le DC, Baird JK, 2000. Assessing drug sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax to halofantrine or chloroquine in southern, central Vietnam using an extended 28-day in vivo test and polymerase chain reaction genotyping. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :693–697.
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Kimura M, Kaneko O, Liu Q, Zhou M, Kawamoto F, Wataya Y, Otani S, Yamaguchi Y, Tanabe K, 1997. Identification of the four species of human malaria parasites by nested PCR that targets variant sequences in the small subunit rRNA gene. Parasitol Int 46 :91–95.
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Milton KA, Edwards G, Ward SA, Orme ML, Breckenridge AM, 1989. Pharmacokinetics of halofantrine in man: effects of food and dose size. Br J Clin Pharmacol 28 :71–77.
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Basco LK, Le Bras J, 1992. In vitro activity of halofantrine and its relationship to other standard antimalarial drugs against African isolates and clones of Plasmodium falciparum.Am J Trop Med Hyg 47 :521–527.
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ter Kuile FO, Dolan G, Nosten F, Edstein MD, Luxemburger C, Phaipun L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, Webster HK, White NJ, 1993. Halofantrine versus mefloquine in treatment of multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. Lancet 341 :1044–1049.
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World Health Organization, 2002. Monitoring Antimalarial Drug Resistance. Consultation, 2001. December 3–5, 2001. Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/CDS/CSR/EPH/2002.17.
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Sowunmi A, Falade CO, Oduola AM, Ogundahunsi OA, Fehintola FA, Gbotosho GO, Larcier P, Salako LA, 1998. Cardiac effects of halofantrine in children suffering from acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :446–448.
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Nosten F, ter Kuile FO, Luxemburger C, Woodrow C, Kyle DE, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, 1993. Cardiac effects of antimalarial treatment with halofantrine. Lancet 341 :1054–1056.
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Touze JE, Fourcade L, Peyron F, Heno P, Deharo JC, 1997. Is halofantrine still advisable in malaria attacks? Ann Trop Med Parasitol 91 :867–873.
SHORT REPORT: IN VIVO SENSITIVITY OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM TO HALOFANTRINE IN SOUTHERN CENTRAL VIETNAM
Drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum is present in Vietnam. We assessed the in vivo sensitivity of P. falciparum to halofantrine in two villages in the southern part of central Vietnam. Halofantrine (8 mg/kg × 3 doses) was administered to 37 patients with either P. falciparum (n = 32) or mixed P. falciparum/P. vivax malaria (n = 5). End points were parasite sensitivity or resistance (RI/RII/RIII) determined by parasite clearance, persistence, or recurrence during 28 days of follow-up. By day 28, 31 (93.9%) of 33 (95% confidence interval = 79.8–99.2%) patients were sensitive. Two patients had recurrent P. falciparum parasitemia on days 14 and 21. Halofantrine effectively treated uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in these Vietnamese patients.