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-
1
Tamura A, Ohashi N, Urakami H, Miyamura S, 1995. Classification of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in a new genus, Orientia gen. nov., as Orientia tsutsugamushi comb. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 45 :589–591.
-
2
Rosenberg R, 1997. Drug-resistant scrub typhus: paradigm and paradox. Parasitol Today 13 :131–132.
-
3
Jatinandana S, 1971. A study of fever of unknown origin in Northeast Thailand. Report of the First International Seminar of the SEATO Medical Research Laboratory. Bangkok, Thailand, 37–39.
-
4
Brown GW, Shirai A, Jegathessan M, Burke DS, Twartz JC, Saunders JP, Huxsoll DL, 1984. Febrile illnesses in Malaysia: an analysis of 1,629 hospitalized patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :311–315.
-
5
Watt G, Kantipong P, Jongsakul K, Watcharapichat K, Phulsuksombati D, Strickman D, 2000. Doxycycline and rifampicin for mild scrub-typhus infections in northern Thailand: a randomized trial. Lancet 356 :1057–1061.
-
6
Wisseman CL, 1991. Rickettsial infections. Strickland GT, ed. Hunter’s Tropical Medicine. Seventh edition. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 256–286.
-
7
Tanskul P, Linthicum KJ, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Mungviriya S, Ratanatham S, Suwanabun N, Sattabongkot J, Watt G, 1998. A new ecology for scrub typhus associated with a focus of antibiotic resistance in rice farmers in Thailand. J Med Entomol 35 :551–555.
-
8
Walker JS, Chan CT, Manikumaran C, Elisberg BL, 1975. Attempts to infect and demonstrate transovarial transmission of R. tsutsugamushi in three species of Leptotrombidium mites.Ann NY Acad Sci 266: 80–90.
-
9
Takahashi M, Murata M, Misumi H, Hori E, Kawamura A Jr, Tanaka H, 1994. Failed vertical transmission of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) acquired from rickettsemic mice by Leptotrombidium pallidum (Acari: Trombiculidae). J Med Entomol 31 :212–216.
-
10
Frances SP, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Tanskul P, 2000. Transmission of Orientia tsutsugamushi, the aetiological agent for scrub typhus, to co-feeding mites. Parasitology 120 :601–607.
-
11
Takahashi M, Murata M, Hori E, Tanaka H, Kawamura A Jr, 1990. Transmission of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi from Apodemus speciosus, a wild rodent, to larval trombiculid mites during the feeding process. Jpn J Exp Med 60 :203–208.
-
12
Traub R, Wisseman CL Jr, Jones MR, O’Keefe JJ, 1975. The acquisition of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi by chiggers (trombiculid mites) during the feeding process. Ann NY Acad Sci 266 :91–114.
-
13
Frances SP, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Tanskul P, Linthicum KJ, 1999. Seasonal occurrence of Leptotrombidium deliense (Acari: Trombiculidae) attached to sentinel rodents in an orchard near Bangkok, Thailand. J Med Entomol 36 :869–874.
-
14
Tanskul P, Strickman D, Eamsila C, Kelly DJ, 1994. Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae) associated with rodents in central Thailand. J Med Entomol 31 :225–230.
-
15
Philip RN, 1980. Scrub typhus. Steele JH, ed. CRC Handbook Series in Zoonoses, Section A: Bacterial, Rickettsial and Mycotic Diseases. Volume II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 303–315.
-
16
Audy JR, 1961. The ecology of scrub typhus. May JM, ed. Studies in Disease Ecology. New York: Hafer, 382–432.
-
17
Urakami H, Tamura A, Tarasevich IV, Kadosaka T, Shubin FN, 1999. Decreased prevalence of Orientia tsutsugamushi in trombiculid mites and wild rodents in the Primorye region, Far East Russia. Microbiol Immunol 43 :975–978.
-
18
Frances SP, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Tanskul P, 1999. Occurrence of Orientia tsutsugamushi in chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae) and small animals in an orchard near Bangkok, Thailand. J Med Entomol 36 :449–453.
-
19
Ree HI, Cho MK, Lee IY, Jeon SH, 1995. Comparative epidemiological studies on vector/reservoir animals of tsutsugamushi disease between high and low endemic areas in Korea. Korean J Parasitol 33: 27–36.
-
20
Tanskul P, Linthicum KJ, 1999. Redescription of Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) imphalum (Acari: Trombiculidae), with observations on bionomics and medical importance in northern Thailand. J Med Entomol 36 :88–91.
-
21
Tanskul P, Linthicum KJ, 1997. A new species of Leptotrombidium (Acari: Trombiculidae), collected in active rice fields in northern Thailand. J Med Entomol 34 :368–371.
-
22
Roberts LW, Robinson DM, Rapmund G, Walker JS, Gan E, Ram S, 1975. Distribution of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in organs of Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) fletcheri (Prostigmata: Trombiculidae). J Med Entomol 12 :345–348.
-
23
Strickman D, Smith CD, Corcoran KD, Ngampochjana M, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Tanskul P, Dasch GA, Kelly DJ, 1994. Pathology of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection in Bandicota savilei, a natural host in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 416–423.
-
24
Van Peenen PFD, Ho CM, Bourgeois AL, 1977. Indirect immunofluorescence antibodies in natural and acquired Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections of Phillippine rodents. Infect Immun 15 :813–816.
-
25
Walker JS, Gan E, Chye CT, Muul I, 1973. Involvement of small mammals in the transmission of scrub typhus in Malaysia: isolation and serological evidence. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 67 :838–845.
-
26
Frances SP, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, 2000. Development and persistence of antibodies to Orientia tsutsugamushi in the roof rat, Rattus rattus and laboratory mice following attachment of naturally infected Leptotrombidium deliense.Acta Trop 77 :279–285.
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| Abstract Views | 37 | 37 | 7 |
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OCCURRENCE OF ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI IN SMALL MAMMALS FROM THAILAND
RUSSELL E. COLEMAN
RUSSELL E. COLEMAN
United States Army and Royal Thai Army Medical Components, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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TAWEESAK MONKANNA
TAWEESAK MONKANNA
United States Army and Royal Thai Army Medical Components, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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KENNETH J. LINTHICUM
KENNETH J. LINTHICUM
United States Army and Royal Thai Army Medical Components, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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DANIEL A. STRICKMAN
DANIEL A. STRICKMAN
United States Army and Royal Thai Army Medical Components, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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STEPHEN P. FRANCES
STEPHEN P. FRANCES
United States Army and Royal Thai Army Medical Components, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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PANITA TANSKUL
PANITA TANSKUL
United States Army and Royal Thai Army Medical Components, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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THOMAS M. KOLLARS JR.
THOMAS M. KOLLARS JR.
United States Army and Royal Thai Army Medical Components, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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INKAM INLAO
INKAM INLAO
United States Army and Royal Thai Army Medical Components, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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POCHAMAN WATCHARAPICHAT
POCHAMAN WATCHARAPICHAT
United States Army and Royal Thai Army Medical Components, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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NITTAYA KHLAIMANEE
NITTAYA KHLAIMANEE
United States Army and Royal Thai Army Medical Components, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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DUANGPORN PHULSUKSOMBATI
DUANGPORN PHULSUKSOMBATI
United States Army and Royal Thai Army Medical Components, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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NOPPADON SANGJUN
NOPPADON SANGJUN
United States Army and Royal Thai Army Medical Components, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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KRIANGKRAI LERDTHUSNEE
KRIANGKRAI LERDTHUSNEE
United States Army and Royal Thai Army Medical Components, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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Extensive sampling of small mammals was conducted in eight provinces of Thailand between September 9, 1992 and April 29, 2001. A total of 3,498 specimens representing 22 species were collected. Eighty-eight percent (3,089 of 3,498) of the animals were collected from a region in Chiangrai Province, which is commonly recognized as endemic for human scrub typhus. Blood and tissue samples from each animal were tested for the presence of Orientia tsutsugamushi, the etiologic agent of scrub typhus. The predominant species collected were Rattus rattus (53%, n = 1,863), R. losea (18%, n = 638), Bandicota indica (16%, n = 564), and R. exulans (4%, n = 146). Orientia tsutsugamushi was detected in 10 of the 22 species of mammals that included R. bukit (25% infected, 1 of 4), R. rattus (23%, 419 of 1,855), R. argentiventer (22%, 5 of 23), R. berdmorei (22%, 2 of 9), R. losea (13%, 82 of 638), B. indica (9%, 52 of 564), R. koratensis (8%, 1 of 12), B. savilei (3%, 1 of 30), R. exulans (1%, 2 of 146), and Tupaia glis (2%, 1 of 49). Infected animals were found in Chiangrai (18% infected, 563 of 3,084), Bangkok (11%, 1 of 9), Sukothai (3%, 1 of 30), and Nonthaburi (1%, 1 of 69) Provinces. The implications towards scrub typhus maintenance and transmission are discussed.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
Tamura A, Ohashi N, Urakami H, Miyamura S, 1995. Classification of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in a new genus, Orientia gen. nov., as Orientia tsutsugamushi comb. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 45 :589–591.
-
2
Rosenberg R, 1997. Drug-resistant scrub typhus: paradigm and paradox. Parasitol Today 13 :131–132.
-
3
Jatinandana S, 1971. A study of fever of unknown origin in Northeast Thailand. Report of the First International Seminar of the SEATO Medical Research Laboratory. Bangkok, Thailand, 37–39.
-
4
Brown GW, Shirai A, Jegathessan M, Burke DS, Twartz JC, Saunders JP, Huxsoll DL, 1984. Febrile illnesses in Malaysia: an analysis of 1,629 hospitalized patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :311–315.
-
5
Watt G, Kantipong P, Jongsakul K, Watcharapichat K, Phulsuksombati D, Strickman D, 2000. Doxycycline and rifampicin for mild scrub-typhus infections in northern Thailand: a randomized trial. Lancet 356 :1057–1061.
-
6
Wisseman CL, 1991. Rickettsial infections. Strickland GT, ed. Hunter’s Tropical Medicine. Seventh edition. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 256–286.
-
7
Tanskul P, Linthicum KJ, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Mungviriya S, Ratanatham S, Suwanabun N, Sattabongkot J, Watt G, 1998. A new ecology for scrub typhus associated with a focus of antibiotic resistance in rice farmers in Thailand. J Med Entomol 35 :551–555.
-
8
Walker JS, Chan CT, Manikumaran C, Elisberg BL, 1975. Attempts to infect and demonstrate transovarial transmission of R. tsutsugamushi in three species of Leptotrombidium mites.Ann NY Acad Sci 266: 80–90.
-
9
Takahashi M, Murata M, Misumi H, Hori E, Kawamura A Jr, Tanaka H, 1994. Failed vertical transmission of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) acquired from rickettsemic mice by Leptotrombidium pallidum (Acari: Trombiculidae). J Med Entomol 31 :212–216.
-
10
Frances SP, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Tanskul P, 2000. Transmission of Orientia tsutsugamushi, the aetiological agent for scrub typhus, to co-feeding mites. Parasitology 120 :601–607.
-
11
Takahashi M, Murata M, Hori E, Tanaka H, Kawamura A Jr, 1990. Transmission of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi from Apodemus speciosus, a wild rodent, to larval trombiculid mites during the feeding process. Jpn J Exp Med 60 :203–208.
-
12
Traub R, Wisseman CL Jr, Jones MR, O’Keefe JJ, 1975. The acquisition of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi by chiggers (trombiculid mites) during the feeding process. Ann NY Acad Sci 266 :91–114.
-
13
Frances SP, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Tanskul P, Linthicum KJ, 1999. Seasonal occurrence of Leptotrombidium deliense (Acari: Trombiculidae) attached to sentinel rodents in an orchard near Bangkok, Thailand. J Med Entomol 36 :869–874.
-
14
Tanskul P, Strickman D, Eamsila C, Kelly DJ, 1994. Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae) associated with rodents in central Thailand. J Med Entomol 31 :225–230.
-
15
Philip RN, 1980. Scrub typhus. Steele JH, ed. CRC Handbook Series in Zoonoses, Section A: Bacterial, Rickettsial and Mycotic Diseases. Volume II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 303–315.
-
16
Audy JR, 1961. The ecology of scrub typhus. May JM, ed. Studies in Disease Ecology. New York: Hafer, 382–432.
-
17
Urakami H, Tamura A, Tarasevich IV, Kadosaka T, Shubin FN, 1999. Decreased prevalence of Orientia tsutsugamushi in trombiculid mites and wild rodents in the Primorye region, Far East Russia. Microbiol Immunol 43 :975–978.
-
18
Frances SP, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Tanskul P, 1999. Occurrence of Orientia tsutsugamushi in chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae) and small animals in an orchard near Bangkok, Thailand. J Med Entomol 36 :449–453.
-
19
Ree HI, Cho MK, Lee IY, Jeon SH, 1995. Comparative epidemiological studies on vector/reservoir animals of tsutsugamushi disease between high and low endemic areas in Korea. Korean J Parasitol 33: 27–36.
-
20
Tanskul P, Linthicum KJ, 1999. Redescription of Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) imphalum (Acari: Trombiculidae), with observations on bionomics and medical importance in northern Thailand. J Med Entomol 36 :88–91.
-
21
Tanskul P, Linthicum KJ, 1997. A new species of Leptotrombidium (Acari: Trombiculidae), collected in active rice fields in northern Thailand. J Med Entomol 34 :368–371.
-
22
Roberts LW, Robinson DM, Rapmund G, Walker JS, Gan E, Ram S, 1975. Distribution of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in organs of Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) fletcheri (Prostigmata: Trombiculidae). J Med Entomol 12 :345–348.
-
23
Strickman D, Smith CD, Corcoran KD, Ngampochjana M, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Tanskul P, Dasch GA, Kelly DJ, 1994. Pathology of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection in Bandicota savilei, a natural host in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 416–423.
-
24
Van Peenen PFD, Ho CM, Bourgeois AL, 1977. Indirect immunofluorescence antibodies in natural and acquired Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections of Phillippine rodents. Infect Immun 15 :813–816.
-
25
Walker JS, Gan E, Chye CT, Muul I, 1973. Involvement of small mammals in the transmission of scrub typhus in Malaysia: isolation and serological evidence. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 67 :838–845.
-
26
Frances SP, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, 2000. Development and persistence of antibodies to Orientia tsutsugamushi in the roof rat, Rattus rattus and laboratory mice following attachment of naturally infected Leptotrombidium deliense.Acta Trop 77 :279–285.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 37 | 37 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 273 | 98 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 88 | 15 | 0 |