Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Thompson WH, Gundersen CB, 1983. La Crosse encephalitis: occurrence of disease and control in a suburban area. Calisher CH, Thompson WH, eds. California Serogroup Viruses. New York: A. R. Liss, Inc., 225–236,
-
2
Kappus KD, Monath TP, Kaminski RM, Calisher CH, 1983. Reported encephalitis associated with California serogroup virus infections in the United States, 1963–1981. Calisher CH, Thompson WH, eds. California Serogroup Viruses. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 31–41.
-
3
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998. Arboviral infections of the central nervous system, United States, 1996–1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47 :517–540.
-
4
Jones TR, Craig AS, Nasci RS, Patterson LER, Erwin PC, Gerhardt RR, Ussery XT, Schaffner W, 1999. Newly recognized focus of La Crosse encephalitis in Tennessee. Clin Infect Dis 28 :93–97.
-
5
Rust RS, Thompson WH, Mathews CG, Beaty BF, Chun RWM, 1999. La Crosse and other forms of California encephalitis. J Child Neurol 14 :1–14.
-
6
Szumlas DE, Apperson CS, Hartig PC, Francy DB, Karabatsos N, 1996. Seroepidemiology of La Crosse virus infection in humans in western North Carolina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :332–337.
-
7
Woodruff BA, Baron RC, Tsai TF, 1992. Symptomatic La Crosse virus infections of the central nervous system: a study of risk factors in an endemic area. Am J Epidemiol 136 :320–327.
-
8
Nasci RS, Moore CG, Biggerstaff BF, Panella NA, Liu HQ, Karabatsos N, Davis BS, Brannon ES, 2000. La Crosse encephalitis virus habitat associations in Nicholas County, West Virginia. J Med Entomol 37 :559–570.
-
9
McJunkin JE, Kahn RR, Tsai TF, 1998. California-La Crosse encephalitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 12 :83–93.
-
10
Clark GG, Pretula HL, Langkop CW, Maritn RJ, Calisher CH, 1983. Occurrence of La Crosse (California serogroup) encephalitis viral infections in Illinois. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :838–843.
-
11
Balfour HH, Siem RA, Bauer H, Quie PG, 1973. California arbovirus (La Crosse) infections: clinical and laboratory finding in 66 children with meningoencephalitis. Pediatrics 52 :680–691.
-
12
McJunkin JE, De Los Reyes EC, Irazuzta JE, Caceres MJ, Khan RR, Minnich LL, Fu KD, Lovett GD, Tsai T, Thompson N, 2001. La Crosse encephalitis in children. N Engl J Med 344 :801–807.
-
13
Gundersen CB, Brown KL, 1983. Clinical aspects of La Crosse encephalitis: preliminary report. Calisher CH, Thompson WH, eds. California Serogroup Viruses. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 169–177.
-
14
Neymark N, 1998. Assessing the Economic Value of Anticancer Therapies. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
-
15
United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2002. http://www.bls.gov.
-
16
Wake County Public School System, 2002. http://www.wcpss.net.
-
17
North Carolina Office of State Budget and Management, 2002. http://www.osbm.state.nc.us.
-
18
Villari P, Spielman A, Komar N, McDowell M, Timperi RJ, 1995. The economic burden imposed by a residual case of Eastern encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :8–13.
-
19
North Carolina Department of Commerce, Economic Information Systems, 2002. http://cmedis.commerce.state.nc.us.
-
20
Murray CJL, Lopez AD, 1994. Global Comparative Assessments in the Health Sector: Disease Burden, Expenditures, and Intervention Packages. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
21
Murray CJL, 1996. Rethinking DALYs. Murray CJL, Lopez AD, eds. The Global Burden of Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability from Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020. Boston: Harvard School of Public Health University Press, 1–98.
-
22
Anderson RN, DeTurk PB, 2002. United States Life Tables, 1999. National Vital Statistics Reports. Natl Cen Health Stat 50 :1–38.
-
23
Anand S, Hanson K, 1997. Disability-adjusted life years: a critical review. J Health Econ 16 :685–702.
-
24
Murray CJL, Acharya AK, 1997. Understanding DALYs. J Health Econ 16 :703–730.
-
25
Fox-Rushby JA, Hanson K, 2001. Calculating and presenting disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in cost effectiveness analysis. Health Policy Plan 16 :326–331.
-
26
Camfield C, Breau L, Camfield P, 2001. Impact of pediatric epilepsy on the family: a new scale for clinical and research use. Epilepsia 42 :104–112.
-
27
Torres MI, 1997. Impact of an outbreak of dengue fever: a case study from rural Puerto Rico. Hum Organ 56 :19–27.
-
28
Balkhy HH, Schreiber JR, 2000. Severe La Crosse encephalitis with significant neurological sequelae. Pediatr Infect Dis J 19 :77–80.
-
29
Khetsuriani N, Holman RC, Anderson LJ, 2002. Burden of encephalitis-associated hospitalizations in the United States, 1988–1997. Clin Infect Dis 35 :175–182.
-
30
Clark GG, Martin RJ, Pretula HL, Langkop CW, Rohrer HH, 1980. California group virus infections in Illinois. IMJ Ill Med J 157 :91–96.
-
31
Von Allmen SD, Lopez-Correa RH, Woodall JP, Morens DM, Chiriboga J, Caste-Velez A, 1977. Epidemic dengue fever in Puerto Rico, 1977: a cost analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 28 :1040–1044.
-
32
Meltzer MI, Rigau-Perez JG, Clark GG, Reiter P, Gubler DJ, 1998. Using disability-adjusted life years to assess the economic impact of dengue in Puerto Rico: 1984–1994. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :265–271.
-
33
Szumlas DE, Apperson CS, Powell EE, 1996. Seasonal occurrence and abundance of Aedes triseriatus and other mosquitoes in a La Crosse virus-endemic area in western North Carolina. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12 :184–193.
-
34
Szumlas DE, Apperson CS, Powell EE, Hartig PC, Francy DB, Karabatsos N, 1996. Relative abundance and species composition of mosquito populations (Diptera: Culicidae) in a La Crosse virus-endemic area in western North Carolina. J Med Entomol 33 :598–607.
-
35
Rosenbaum J, Nathan MB, Ragoonanansingh R, Rawlins S, Gayle C, Chadee DD, Lloyd LS, 1995. Community participation in dengue prevention and control: A survey of knowledge, attitudes, and practices in Trinidad and Tobago. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :111–117.
-
36
Winch PJ, Leontsini E, Rigau-Perez JG, Ruiz-Perez M, Clark GG, Gubler DJ, 2002. Community-based dengue prevention programs in Puerto Rico: impact on knowledge, behavior, and residential mosquito infestation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :363–370.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 28 | 29 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 394 | 172 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 82 | 16 | 0 |
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF LA CROSSE ENCEPHALITIS IN WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA
J. TODD UTZ
J. TODD UTZ
Department of Entomology, and Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Epidemiology Section, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, North Carolina; Buncombe County Health Center, Asheville, North Carolina; Virology/Serology Unit, North Carolina State Laboratory of Public Health, Raleigh, North Carolina
Search for other papers by J. TODD UTZ in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by J. TODD UTZ in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
CHARLES S. APPERSON
CHARLES S. APPERSON
Department of Entomology, and Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Epidemiology Section, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, North Carolina; Buncombe County Health Center, Asheville, North Carolina; Virology/Serology Unit, North Carolina State Laboratory of Public Health, Raleigh, North Carolina
Search for other papers by CHARLES S. APPERSON in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by CHARLES S. APPERSON in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
J. NEWTON MACCORMACK
J. NEWTON MACCORMACK
Department of Entomology, and Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Epidemiology Section, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, North Carolina; Buncombe County Health Center, Asheville, North Carolina; Virology/Serology Unit, North Carolina State Laboratory of Public Health, Raleigh, North Carolina
Search for other papers by J. NEWTON MACCORMACK in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by J. NEWTON MACCORMACK in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
MARTHA SALYERS
MARTHA SALYERS
Department of Entomology, and Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Epidemiology Section, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, North Carolina; Buncombe County Health Center, Asheville, North Carolina; Virology/Serology Unit, North Carolina State Laboratory of Public Health, Raleigh, North Carolina
Search for other papers by MARTHA SALYERS in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by MARTHA SALYERS in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
E. JACQUELIN DIETZ
E. JACQUELIN DIETZ
Department of Entomology, and Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Epidemiology Section, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, North Carolina; Buncombe County Health Center, Asheville, North Carolina; Virology/Serology Unit, North Carolina State Laboratory of Public Health, Raleigh, North Carolina
Search for other papers by E. JACQUELIN DIETZ in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by E. JACQUELIN DIETZ in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
J. TODD MCPHERSON
J. TODD MCPHERSON
Department of Entomology, and Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Epidemiology Section, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, North Carolina; Buncombe County Health Center, Asheville, North Carolina; Virology/Serology Unit, North Carolina State Laboratory of Public Health, Raleigh, North Carolina
Search for other papers by J. TODD MCPHERSON in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by J. TODD MCPHERSON in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
La Crosse encephalitis (LACE), a human illness caused by a mosquito-transmitted virus, is endemic in western North Carolina. To assess the economic and social impacts of the illness, 25 serologically confirmed LACE case patients and/or families were interviewed to obtain information on the economic costs and social burden of the disease. The total direct and indirect medical costs associated with LACE over 89.6 life years accumulated from the onset of illness to the date of interview for 24 patients with frank encephalitis totaled $791,374 (range = $7,521–175,586), with a mean ± SD per patient cost of $32,974 ± $34,793. The projected cost of a case with lifelong neurologic sequelae ranged from $48,775 to $3,090,798 (n = 5). For the 25 LACE patients, 55.15 (54.83%) of the 100.59 cumulative life years (CLYs) were impaired to some degree. Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated to measure the productive life years lost to LACE. Approximately 13.00 DALYs were accumulated over 100.59 CLYs of study. Projected DALYs for case patients (n = 5) with lifelong neurologic sequelae ranged from 12.90 to 72.37 DALYs. An Impact of La Crosse Encephalitis Survey (ILCES) was used to measure the social impact of LACE over time for case patients and their families. The ILCES scores demonstrated that the majority of the social burden of the illness is borne by the five patients with lifelong neurologic sequelae. The socioeconomic burden resulting from LACE is substantial, which highlights the importance of the illness in western North Carolina, as well as the need for active surveillance, reporting, and prevention programs for the infection.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Thompson WH, Gundersen CB, 1983. La Crosse encephalitis: occurrence of disease and control in a suburban area. Calisher CH, Thompson WH, eds. California Serogroup Viruses. New York: A. R. Liss, Inc., 225–236,
-
2
Kappus KD, Monath TP, Kaminski RM, Calisher CH, 1983. Reported encephalitis associated with California serogroup virus infections in the United States, 1963–1981. Calisher CH, Thompson WH, eds. California Serogroup Viruses. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 31–41.
-
3
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998. Arboviral infections of the central nervous system, United States, 1996–1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47 :517–540.
-
4
Jones TR, Craig AS, Nasci RS, Patterson LER, Erwin PC, Gerhardt RR, Ussery XT, Schaffner W, 1999. Newly recognized focus of La Crosse encephalitis in Tennessee. Clin Infect Dis 28 :93–97.
-
5
Rust RS, Thompson WH, Mathews CG, Beaty BF, Chun RWM, 1999. La Crosse and other forms of California encephalitis. J Child Neurol 14 :1–14.
-
6
Szumlas DE, Apperson CS, Hartig PC, Francy DB, Karabatsos N, 1996. Seroepidemiology of La Crosse virus infection in humans in western North Carolina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :332–337.
-
7
Woodruff BA, Baron RC, Tsai TF, 1992. Symptomatic La Crosse virus infections of the central nervous system: a study of risk factors in an endemic area. Am J Epidemiol 136 :320–327.
-
8
Nasci RS, Moore CG, Biggerstaff BF, Panella NA, Liu HQ, Karabatsos N, Davis BS, Brannon ES, 2000. La Crosse encephalitis virus habitat associations in Nicholas County, West Virginia. J Med Entomol 37 :559–570.
-
9
McJunkin JE, Kahn RR, Tsai TF, 1998. California-La Crosse encephalitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 12 :83–93.
-
10
Clark GG, Pretula HL, Langkop CW, Maritn RJ, Calisher CH, 1983. Occurrence of La Crosse (California serogroup) encephalitis viral infections in Illinois. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :838–843.
-
11
Balfour HH, Siem RA, Bauer H, Quie PG, 1973. California arbovirus (La Crosse) infections: clinical and laboratory finding in 66 children with meningoencephalitis. Pediatrics 52 :680–691.
-
12
McJunkin JE, De Los Reyes EC, Irazuzta JE, Caceres MJ, Khan RR, Minnich LL, Fu KD, Lovett GD, Tsai T, Thompson N, 2001. La Crosse encephalitis in children. N Engl J Med 344 :801–807.
-
13
Gundersen CB, Brown KL, 1983. Clinical aspects of La Crosse encephalitis: preliminary report. Calisher CH, Thompson WH, eds. California Serogroup Viruses. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 169–177.
-
14
Neymark N, 1998. Assessing the Economic Value of Anticancer Therapies. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
-
15
United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2002. http://www.bls.gov.
-
16
Wake County Public School System, 2002. http://www.wcpss.net.
-
17
North Carolina Office of State Budget and Management, 2002. http://www.osbm.state.nc.us.
-
18
Villari P, Spielman A, Komar N, McDowell M, Timperi RJ, 1995. The economic burden imposed by a residual case of Eastern encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :8–13.
-
19
North Carolina Department of Commerce, Economic Information Systems, 2002. http://cmedis.commerce.state.nc.us.
-
20
Murray CJL, Lopez AD, 1994. Global Comparative Assessments in the Health Sector: Disease Burden, Expenditures, and Intervention Packages. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
21
Murray CJL, 1996. Rethinking DALYs. Murray CJL, Lopez AD, eds. The Global Burden of Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability from Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020. Boston: Harvard School of Public Health University Press, 1–98.
-
22
Anderson RN, DeTurk PB, 2002. United States Life Tables, 1999. National Vital Statistics Reports. Natl Cen Health Stat 50 :1–38.
-
23
Anand S, Hanson K, 1997. Disability-adjusted life years: a critical review. J Health Econ 16 :685–702.
-
24
Murray CJL, Acharya AK, 1997. Understanding DALYs. J Health Econ 16 :703–730.
-
25
Fox-Rushby JA, Hanson K, 2001. Calculating and presenting disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in cost effectiveness analysis. Health Policy Plan 16 :326–331.
-
26
Camfield C, Breau L, Camfield P, 2001. Impact of pediatric epilepsy on the family: a new scale for clinical and research use. Epilepsia 42 :104–112.
-
27
Torres MI, 1997. Impact of an outbreak of dengue fever: a case study from rural Puerto Rico. Hum Organ 56 :19–27.
-
28
Balkhy HH, Schreiber JR, 2000. Severe La Crosse encephalitis with significant neurological sequelae. Pediatr Infect Dis J 19 :77–80.
-
29
Khetsuriani N, Holman RC, Anderson LJ, 2002. Burden of encephalitis-associated hospitalizations in the United States, 1988–1997. Clin Infect Dis 35 :175–182.
-
30
Clark GG, Martin RJ, Pretula HL, Langkop CW, Rohrer HH, 1980. California group virus infections in Illinois. IMJ Ill Med J 157 :91–96.
-
31
Von Allmen SD, Lopez-Correa RH, Woodall JP, Morens DM, Chiriboga J, Caste-Velez A, 1977. Epidemic dengue fever in Puerto Rico, 1977: a cost analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 28 :1040–1044.
-
32
Meltzer MI, Rigau-Perez JG, Clark GG, Reiter P, Gubler DJ, 1998. Using disability-adjusted life years to assess the economic impact of dengue in Puerto Rico: 1984–1994. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :265–271.
-
33
Szumlas DE, Apperson CS, Powell EE, 1996. Seasonal occurrence and abundance of Aedes triseriatus and other mosquitoes in a La Crosse virus-endemic area in western North Carolina. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12 :184–193.
-
34
Szumlas DE, Apperson CS, Powell EE, Hartig PC, Francy DB, Karabatsos N, 1996. Relative abundance and species composition of mosquito populations (Diptera: Culicidae) in a La Crosse virus-endemic area in western North Carolina. J Med Entomol 33 :598–607.
-
35
Rosenbaum J, Nathan MB, Ragoonanansingh R, Rawlins S, Gayle C, Chadee DD, Lloyd LS, 1995. Community participation in dengue prevention and control: A survey of knowledge, attitudes, and practices in Trinidad and Tobago. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :111–117.
-
36
Winch PJ, Leontsini E, Rigau-Perez JG, Ruiz-Perez M, Clark GG, Gubler DJ, 2002. Community-based dengue prevention programs in Puerto Rico: impact on knowledge, behavior, and residential mosquito infestation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :363–370.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 28 | 29 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 394 | 172 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 82 | 16 | 0 |