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1
World Health Organization, 1994. Mother-Baby Package: Implementing Safe Motherhood in Countries. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2
Bang A, Bang R, Baitule S, Reddy M, Deshmukh M, 1999. Effect of home based care and management of sepsis on neonatal mortality: field trial in rural India. Lancet 354 :1955–1961.
-
3
Gove S, 1997. Integrated management of childhood illness by outpatient healthworkers: technical basis and overview. Bull World Health Organ 75 (Suppl 1):7–16.
-
4
Fischer G, Ottolini M, Mond J, 1997. Prospects for vaccines during pregnancy and in the newborn period. Clin Perinatol 24 :231–250.
-
5
Anonymous, 1998. WHO meeting on maternal and neonatal pneumococcal immunization. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 25 :187–188.
-
6
Slutsker L, Bloland P, Steketee R, Wirima J, Heymann D, Breman J, 1996. Infant and second year mortality in rural Malawi: causes and descriptive epidemiology. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :77–81.
-
7
Snow R, Mungala V, Forster D, Marsh K, 1994. The role of the district hospital in child survival at the Kenyan Coast. Afr J Health Sci 1 :11–15.
-
8
National Council for Population and Development, 1999. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, 1998. Nairobi: National Council for Population and Development, Central Bureau of Statistics & Office of the Vice-President and Ministry of Planning and National Development, Republic of Kenya.
-
9
Ministry of Health, 2001. AIDS in Kenya. Sixth Edition. Nairobi: Ministry of Health and the National AIDS Control Council.
-
10
World Health Organization, 1999. A Standard Verbal Autopsy Method for Investigating Causes of Death in Infants and Children. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
11
English M, Ngama M, Musumba C, Wamola B, Bwika J, Mohammed S, Ahmed M, Mwarumba S, Ouma B, McHugh K, Newton C, 2003. Causes and outcome of young infant admissions to a Kenyan district hospital. Arch Dis Child 88 :438–443.
-
12
Ministry of Health, 2001. Health Management Information Systems—Report for the 1996 to 1999 Period. Nairobi: Government of Kenya.
-
13
McElroy P, ter Kuile F, Hightower A, Hawley W, Phillips-Howard P, Oloo A, Lal A, Nahlen B, 2001. All cause mortality among young children in Western Kenya. VI: The Asembo Bay cohort project. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :18–27.
-
14
Snow R, Armstrong J, Forster D, Winstanley M, Marsh V, Newton C, Waruiru C, Mwangi I, 1992. Winstanley P, Marsh K. Childhood deaths in Africa: uses and limitations of verbal autopsies. Lancet 340 :351–355.
-
15
Kulmala T, Vaahtera M, Ndekha M, Koivisto A, Cullinan T, Salin M, Shorn P, 2000. The importance of preterm births for peri and neonatal mortality in rural Malawi. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 14 :219–226.
-
16
Martin J, Hamilton B, Ventura S, Menacker F, Park M, 2002.National Vital Statistics Report: Births—Final Data for 2000. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Statistics, USA, 2002.
-
17
Wilcox A, 2001. On the importance—and the unimportance—of birthweight. Int J Epidemiol 30 :1233–1241.
-
18
Duke T, Willie L, Mgone J, 2000. The effect of introduction of minimal standards of neonatal care on in-hospital mortality. P N G Med J 43 :127–136.
-
19
Stoll B, 1997. The global impact of neonatal infection. Clin Perinatol 24 :1–21.
-
20
The WHO Young Infant Study Group, 1999. Bacterial etiology of serious infections in young infants in developing countries—results of a multicenter study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 18 (Suppl):S17–S22.
-
21
Shulman C, Dorman E, Talisuna A, Lowe B, Nevill C, Snow R, Jilo H, Peshu N, Bulmer J, Graham S, Marsh K, 1998. A community randomised controlled trial of insecticide treated bednets for the prevention of malaria and anaemia among primigravid women on the Kenyan coast. Trop Med Int Health 3 :197–204.
-
22
Brair M, Brabin B, Milligan P, Maxwell S, Hart C, 1994. Reduced antibody transfer of tetanus antibodies with placental malaria. Lancet 343 :208–209.
-
23
Okoko J, Wesumperuma H, Hart C, 2001. The influence of prematurity and low birthweight on transplacental antibody transfer in a rural West African population. Trop Med Int Health 6 :529–534.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 20 | 20 | 5 |
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OUTCOME OF DELIVERY AND CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY AND SEVERE MORBIDITY IN EARLY INFANCY: A KENYAN DISTRICT HOSPITAL BIRTH COHORT
MIKE ENGLISH
MIKE ENGLISH
Centre for Geographic Medicine Research–Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; Ministry of Health, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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ANN MUHORO
ANN MUHORO
Centre for Geographic Medicine Research–Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; Ministry of Health, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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MAURICE ALUDA
MAURICE ALUDA
Centre for Geographic Medicine Research–Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; Ministry of Health, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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SAM WERE
SAM WERE
Centre for Geographic Medicine Research–Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; Ministry of Health, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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AMANDA ROSS
AMANDA ROSS
Centre for Geographic Medicine Research–Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; Ministry of Health, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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NORBERT PESHU
NORBERT PESHU
Centre for Geographic Medicine Research–Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; Ministry of Health, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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It has proven very difficult to determine the causes of early infant mortality and morbidity in Africa. We undertook a two-year, prospective birth cohort study in a rural Kenyan District Hospital to estimate cause-specific mortality and severe morbidity in infants too young to gain benefit from routine immunization approaches. A total of 2,359 infants eligible for the cohort were delivered. Of these, 136 (6%) were stillborn and 77 (3.5%) subsequently died. Prematurity (34%), birth asphyxia (27%), and infection (18.5%) were the predominant causes of death in the first 98 days of life, although infection accounted for 36% of all life-threatening illness episodes in the same period. The data suggest that health system constraints are likely to impede programmatic efforts to reduce early infant mortality and morbidity, and that infection prevention measures offer some promise for mortality reduction. Assessing the cost effectiveness of the latter, particularly for very specific interventions such as further maternal vaccination, will require very large trials.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organization, 1994. Mother-Baby Package: Implementing Safe Motherhood in Countries. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2
Bang A, Bang R, Baitule S, Reddy M, Deshmukh M, 1999. Effect of home based care and management of sepsis on neonatal mortality: field trial in rural India. Lancet 354 :1955–1961.
-
3
Gove S, 1997. Integrated management of childhood illness by outpatient healthworkers: technical basis and overview. Bull World Health Organ 75 (Suppl 1):7–16.
-
4
Fischer G, Ottolini M, Mond J, 1997. Prospects for vaccines during pregnancy and in the newborn period. Clin Perinatol 24 :231–250.
-
5
Anonymous, 1998. WHO meeting on maternal and neonatal pneumococcal immunization. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 25 :187–188.
-
6
Slutsker L, Bloland P, Steketee R, Wirima J, Heymann D, Breman J, 1996. Infant and second year mortality in rural Malawi: causes and descriptive epidemiology. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :77–81.
-
7
Snow R, Mungala V, Forster D, Marsh K, 1994. The role of the district hospital in child survival at the Kenyan Coast. Afr J Health Sci 1 :11–15.
-
8
National Council for Population and Development, 1999. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, 1998. Nairobi: National Council for Population and Development, Central Bureau of Statistics & Office of the Vice-President and Ministry of Planning and National Development, Republic of Kenya.
-
9
Ministry of Health, 2001. AIDS in Kenya. Sixth Edition. Nairobi: Ministry of Health and the National AIDS Control Council.
-
10
World Health Organization, 1999. A Standard Verbal Autopsy Method for Investigating Causes of Death in Infants and Children. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
11
English M, Ngama M, Musumba C, Wamola B, Bwika J, Mohammed S, Ahmed M, Mwarumba S, Ouma B, McHugh K, Newton C, 2003. Causes and outcome of young infant admissions to a Kenyan district hospital. Arch Dis Child 88 :438–443.
-
12
Ministry of Health, 2001. Health Management Information Systems—Report for the 1996 to 1999 Period. Nairobi: Government of Kenya.
-
13
McElroy P, ter Kuile F, Hightower A, Hawley W, Phillips-Howard P, Oloo A, Lal A, Nahlen B, 2001. All cause mortality among young children in Western Kenya. VI: The Asembo Bay cohort project. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :18–27.
-
14
Snow R, Armstrong J, Forster D, Winstanley M, Marsh V, Newton C, Waruiru C, Mwangi I, 1992. Winstanley P, Marsh K. Childhood deaths in Africa: uses and limitations of verbal autopsies. Lancet 340 :351–355.
-
15
Kulmala T, Vaahtera M, Ndekha M, Koivisto A, Cullinan T, Salin M, Shorn P, 2000. The importance of preterm births for peri and neonatal mortality in rural Malawi. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 14 :219–226.
-
16
Martin J, Hamilton B, Ventura S, Menacker F, Park M, 2002.National Vital Statistics Report: Births—Final Data for 2000. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Statistics, USA, 2002.
-
17
Wilcox A, 2001. On the importance—and the unimportance—of birthweight. Int J Epidemiol 30 :1233–1241.
-
18
Duke T, Willie L, Mgone J, 2000. The effect of introduction of minimal standards of neonatal care on in-hospital mortality. P N G Med J 43 :127–136.
-
19
Stoll B, 1997. The global impact of neonatal infection. Clin Perinatol 24 :1–21.
-
20
The WHO Young Infant Study Group, 1999. Bacterial etiology of serious infections in young infants in developing countries—results of a multicenter study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 18 (Suppl):S17–S22.
-
21
Shulman C, Dorman E, Talisuna A, Lowe B, Nevill C, Snow R, Jilo H, Peshu N, Bulmer J, Graham S, Marsh K, 1998. A community randomised controlled trial of insecticide treated bednets for the prevention of malaria and anaemia among primigravid women on the Kenyan coast. Trop Med Int Health 3 :197–204.
-
22
Brair M, Brabin B, Milligan P, Maxwell S, Hart C, 1994. Reduced antibody transfer of tetanus antibodies with placental malaria. Lancet 343 :208–209.
-
23
Okoko J, Wesumperuma H, Hart C, 2001. The influence of prematurity and low birthweight on transplacental antibody transfer in a rural West African population. Trop Med Int Health 6 :529–534.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 20 | 20 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 245 | 95 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 45 | 15 | 0 |