Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Bontrop RE, 2001. Non-human primates: essential partners in biomedical research. Immunol Rev 183 :5–9.
-
2
Kennedy RC, Shearer MH, Hildebrand W, 1997. Nonhuman primate models to evaluate vaccine safety and immunogenicity. Vaccine 15 :903–908.
-
3
1988. Role of non-human primates in malaria vaccine development: memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bull World Health Organ 66 :719–728.
-
4
King FA, Yarbrough CJ, Anderson DC, Gordon TP, Gould KG, 1988. Primates. Science 240 :1475–1482.
-
5
Stowers AW, Miller LH, 2001. Are trials in New World monkeys on the critical path for blood-stage malaria vaccine development? Trends Parasitol 17 :415–419.
-
6
Butcher GA, 1996. Models for malaria: nature knows best. Parasitol Today 12 :378–382.
-
7
Wengelnik K, Vidal V, Ancelin ML, Cathiard AM, Morgat JL, Kocken CH, Calas M, Herrera S, Thomas AW, Vial HJ, 2002. A class of potent antimalarials and their specific accumulation in infected erythrocytes. Science 295 :1311–1314.
-
8
Garnham PCC, 1966. Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
-
9
Cox FEG, 1988. Malaria: Principles and Practice of Malariology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone 1988, 1503–1543.
-
10
Escalante AA, Freeland DE, Collins WE, Lal AA, 1998. The evolution of primate malaria parasites based on the gene encoding cytochrome b from the linear mitochondrial genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 :8124–8129.
-
11
Escalante AA, Ayala FJ, 1994. Phylogeny of the malarial genus Plasmodium, derived from rRNA gene sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 :11373–11377.
-
12
Coatney GR, Collins WE, Warren M, Contacos PG, 1971. The Primate Malarias. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, National Institutes of Health.
-
13
Deans JA, Thomas AW, Alderson T, Cohen S, 1984. Biosynthesis of a putative protective Plasmodium knowlesi merozoite antigen. Mol Biochem Parasitol 11 :189–204.
-
14
Kocken CH, Dubbeld MA, Van Der Wel A, Pronk JT, Waters AP, Langermans JA, Thomas AW, 1999. High-level expression of Plasmodium vivax apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) in Pichia pastoris: strong immunogenicity in Macaca mulatta immunized with P. vivax AMA-1 and adjuvant SBAS2. Infect Immun 67 :43–49.
-
15
Deans JA, Knight AM, Jean WC, Waters AP, Cohen S, Mitchell GH, 1988. Vaccination trials in rhesus monkeys with a minor, invariant, Plasmodium knowlesi 66 kD merozoite antigen. Parasite Immunol 10 :535–552.
-
16
Rogers WO, Baird JK, Kumar A, Tine JA, Weiss W, Aguiar JC, Gowda K, Gwadz R, Kumar S, Gold M, Hoffman SL, 2001. Multistage multiantigen heterologous prime boost vaccine for Plasmodium knowlesi malaria provides partial protection in rhesus macaques. Infect Immun 69 :5565–5572.
-
17
Gwadz RW, Koontz LC, 1984. Plasmodium knowlesi: persistence of transmission blocking immunity in monkeys immunized with gamete antigens. Infect Immun 44 :137–140.
-
18
Collins WE, Contacos PG, Chin W, 1978. Infection of the squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus, with Plasmodium knowlesi.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 72 :662–663.
-
19
Dutta GP, Singh PP, Banyal HS, 1978. Macaca assamensis as a new host for experimental Plasmodium knowlesi infection. Indian J Med Res 68 :923–926.
-
20
Dutta GP, Singh PP, Saibaba P, 1981. Presbytis entellus as a new host for experimental Plasmodium knowlesi infection. Indian J Med Res 73 (Suppl):63–66.
-
21
Dutta GP, Banyal HS, Kamboj KK, 1982. Bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) as a suitable host for chronic non-fatal Plasmodium knowlesi infection. Indian J Med Res 76 :134–140.
-
22
Langhorne J, Cohen S, 1979. Plasmodium knowlesi in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Parasitology 78 :67–76.
-
23
Chin W, Contacos PG, Coatney GR, Kimball HR, 1965. A naturally acquired quotidian-type malaria in man transferable to monkey. Science 149 :865.
-
24
Escalante AA, Barrio E, Ayala FJ, 1995. Evolutionary origin of human and primate malarias: evidence from the circumsporozoite protein gene. Mol Biol Evol 12 :616–626.
-
25
van der Wel AM, Tomas AM, Kocken CH, Malhotra P, Janse CJ, Waters AP, Thomas AW, 1997. Transfection of the primate malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi using entirely heterologous constructs. J Exp Med 185 :1499–1503.
-
26
Kocken CH, Ozwara H, van Der Wel A, Beetsma AL, Mwenda JM, Thomas AW, 2002. Plasmodium knowlesi provides a rapid in vitro and in vivo transfection system that enables double-crossover gene knockout studies. Infect Immun 70 :655–660.
-
27
Gardner MJ, Hall N, Fung E, White O, Berriman M, Hyman RW, Carlton JM, Pain A, Nelson KE, Bowman S, Paulsen IT, James K, Eisen JA, Rutherford K, Salzberg SL, Craig A, Kyes S, Chan MS, Nene V, Shallom SJ, Suh B, Peterson J, Angiuoli S, Pertea M, Allen J, Selengut J, Haft D, Mather MW, Vaidya AB, Martin DM, Fairlamb AH, Fraunholz MJ, Roos DS, Ralph SA, McFadden GI, Cummings LM, Subramanian GM, Mungall C, Venter JC, Carucci DJ, Hoffman SL, Newbold C, Davis RW, Fraser CM, Barrell B, 2002. Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.Nature 419 :498–511.
-
28
Barnwell JW, Howard RJ, Coon HG, Miller LH, 1983. Splenic requirement for antigenic variation and expression of the variant antigen on the erythrocyte membrane in cloned Plasmodium knowlesi malaria. Infect Immun 40 :985–994.
-
29
Pongponratn E, Riganti M, Punpoowong B, Aikawa M, 1991. Microvascular sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes in human falciparum malaria: a pathological study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :168–175.
-
30
Hearn J, Rayment N, Landon DN, Katz DR, de Souza JB, 2000. Immunopathology of cerebral malaria: morphological evidence of parasite sequestration in murine brain microvasculature. Infect Immun 68 :5364–5376.
-
31
Aikawa M, 1988. Human cerebral malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39 :3–10.
-
32
Aikawa M, Iseki M, Barnwell JW, Taylor D, Oo MM, Howard RJ, 1990. The pathology of human cerebral malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :30–37.
-
33
World Health Organization, Division of Control of Tropical Diseases, 1990. Severe and complicated malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 (Suppl 2):1–65.
-
34
Aikawa M, Brown AE, Smith CD, Tegoshi T, Howard RJ, Hasler TH, Ito Y, Collins WE, Webster HK, 1992. Plasmodium coatneyi-infected rhesus monkeys: a primate model for human cerebral malaria. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87 (Suppl 3):443–447.
-
35
Kawai S, Aikawa M, Kano S, Suzuki M, 1993. A primate model for severe human malaria with cerebral involvement: Plasmodium coatneyi-infected Macaca fuscata.Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :630–636.
-
36
Mahdi AA, Ahmad S, 1991. Pathogenesis of cerebral malaria. Indian J Exp Biol 29 :267–271.
-
37
Ibiwoye MO, Howard CV, Sibbons P, Hasan M, van Velzen D, 1993. Cerebral malaria in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): observations on host pathology. J Comp Pathol 108 :303–310.
-
38
Barnwell JW, Howard RJ, Miller LH, 1982. Altered expression of Plasmodium knowlesi variant antigen on the erythrocyte membrane in splenectomized rhesus monkeys. J Immunol 128 :224–226.
-
39
Miller LH, Fremount HN, Luse SA, 1971. Deep vascular schizogony of Plasmodium knowlesi in Macaca mulatta. Distribution in organs and ultrastructure of parasitized red cells. Am J Trop Med Hyg 20 :816–824.
-
40
al-Khedery B, Barnwell JW, Galinski MR, 1999. Antigenic variation in malaria: a 3′ genomic alteration associated with the expression of a P. knowlesi variant antigen. Mol Cell 3 :131–141.
-
41
Abildgaard C, Harrison J, DeNardo S, Spangler W, Gribble D, 1975. Simian Plasmodium knowlesi malaria: studies of coagulation and pathology. Am J Trop Med Hyg 24 :764–768.
-
42
Tatke M, Malik GB, 1990. Pulmonary pathology in severe malaria infection in health and protein deprivation. J Trop Med Hyg 93 :377–382.
-
43
Spangler WL, Gribble D, Abildgaard C, Harrison J, 1978. Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in the rhesus monkey. Vet Pathol 15 :83–91.
-
44
Rosen S, Hano JE, Barry KG, 1968. Malarial nephropathy in the rhesus monkey. Arch Pathol 85 :36–44.
-
45
Schmidt LH, Fradkin R, Harrison J, Rossan RN, 1977. Differences in the virulence of Plasmodium knowlesi for Macaca irus (fascicularis) of Philippine and Malayan origins. Am J Trop Med Hyg 26 :612–622.
-
46
Day NP, Hien TT, Schollaardt T, Loc PP, Chuong LV, Chau TT, Mai NT, Phu NH, Sinh DX, White NJ, Ho M, 1999. The prognostic and pathophysiologic role of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in severe malaria. J Infect Dis 180 :1288–1297.
-
47
Hill AV, 1998. The immunogenetics of human infectious diseases. Annu Rev Immunol 16 :593–617.
-
48
Tubbs H, 1980. Endotoxin in human and murine malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 74 :121–123.
-
49
Jakobsen PH, Baek L, Jepsen S, 1988. Demonstration of soluble Plasmodium falciparum antigens reactive with Limulus amoebocyte lysate and polymyxin B. Parasite Immunol 10 :593–606.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 34 | 34 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 368 | 103 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 85 | 19 | 0 |
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF THE OLIVE BABOON (PAPIO ANUBIS) WITH PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI: SEVERE DISEASE ACCOMPANIED BY CEREBRAL INVOLVEMENT
HASTINGS OZWARA
HASTINGS OZWARA
Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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JAN A. M. LANGERMANS
JAN A. M. LANGERMANS
Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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JENNEBY MAAMUN
JENNEBY MAAMUN
Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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IDLE O. FARAH
IDLE O. FARAH
Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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DORCAS S. YOLE
DORCAS S. YOLE
Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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JASON M. MWENDA
JASON M. MWENDA
Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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HORST WEILER
HORST WEILER
Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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ALAN W. THOMAS
ALAN W. THOMAS
Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Experimental systems that model some of the complex interactions between parasite and host can be extremely valuable in identifying and developing new prophylactics and therapeutics against human diseases. Because primates have similar immune systems to humans, we have characterized a baboon model for understanding host response to Plasmodium knowlesi. Ten intact olive baboons (Papio anubis) of either sex were experimentally infected with P. knowlesi H strain erythrocytic parasites. The infection in these baboons was either acute or chronic. Animals with acute infection developed multiple system organ dysfunction and cerebral involvement. In chronically infected animals, only the spleen was moderately enlarged. The P. knowlesi parasitemia profile in baboons and rhesus monkeys was comparable. However, some clinical symptoms of the baboons and P. falciparum-infected humans were similar. These studies demonstrate for the first time that P. anubis is a suitable host for P. knowlesi for studying clinical symptoms and pathology.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Bontrop RE, 2001. Non-human primates: essential partners in biomedical research. Immunol Rev 183 :5–9.
-
2
Kennedy RC, Shearer MH, Hildebrand W, 1997. Nonhuman primate models to evaluate vaccine safety and immunogenicity. Vaccine 15 :903–908.
-
3
1988. Role of non-human primates in malaria vaccine development: memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bull World Health Organ 66 :719–728.
-
4
King FA, Yarbrough CJ, Anderson DC, Gordon TP, Gould KG, 1988. Primates. Science 240 :1475–1482.
-
5
Stowers AW, Miller LH, 2001. Are trials in New World monkeys on the critical path for blood-stage malaria vaccine development? Trends Parasitol 17 :415–419.
-
6
Butcher GA, 1996. Models for malaria: nature knows best. Parasitol Today 12 :378–382.
-
7
Wengelnik K, Vidal V, Ancelin ML, Cathiard AM, Morgat JL, Kocken CH, Calas M, Herrera S, Thomas AW, Vial HJ, 2002. A class of potent antimalarials and their specific accumulation in infected erythrocytes. Science 295 :1311–1314.
-
8
Garnham PCC, 1966. Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
-
9
Cox FEG, 1988. Malaria: Principles and Practice of Malariology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone 1988, 1503–1543.
-
10
Escalante AA, Freeland DE, Collins WE, Lal AA, 1998. The evolution of primate malaria parasites based on the gene encoding cytochrome b from the linear mitochondrial genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 :8124–8129.
-
11
Escalante AA, Ayala FJ, 1994. Phylogeny of the malarial genus Plasmodium, derived from rRNA gene sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 :11373–11377.
-
12
Coatney GR, Collins WE, Warren M, Contacos PG, 1971. The Primate Malarias. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, National Institutes of Health.
-
13
Deans JA, Thomas AW, Alderson T, Cohen S, 1984. Biosynthesis of a putative protective Plasmodium knowlesi merozoite antigen. Mol Biochem Parasitol 11 :189–204.
-
14
Kocken CH, Dubbeld MA, Van Der Wel A, Pronk JT, Waters AP, Langermans JA, Thomas AW, 1999. High-level expression of Plasmodium vivax apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) in Pichia pastoris: strong immunogenicity in Macaca mulatta immunized with P. vivax AMA-1 and adjuvant SBAS2. Infect Immun 67 :43–49.
-
15
Deans JA, Knight AM, Jean WC, Waters AP, Cohen S, Mitchell GH, 1988. Vaccination trials in rhesus monkeys with a minor, invariant, Plasmodium knowlesi 66 kD merozoite antigen. Parasite Immunol 10 :535–552.
-
16
Rogers WO, Baird JK, Kumar A, Tine JA, Weiss W, Aguiar JC, Gowda K, Gwadz R, Kumar S, Gold M, Hoffman SL, 2001. Multistage multiantigen heterologous prime boost vaccine for Plasmodium knowlesi malaria provides partial protection in rhesus macaques. Infect Immun 69 :5565–5572.
-
17
Gwadz RW, Koontz LC, 1984. Plasmodium knowlesi: persistence of transmission blocking immunity in monkeys immunized with gamete antigens. Infect Immun 44 :137–140.
-
18
Collins WE, Contacos PG, Chin W, 1978. Infection of the squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus, with Plasmodium knowlesi.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 72 :662–663.
-
19
Dutta GP, Singh PP, Banyal HS, 1978. Macaca assamensis as a new host for experimental Plasmodium knowlesi infection. Indian J Med Res 68 :923–926.
-
20
Dutta GP, Singh PP, Saibaba P, 1981. Presbytis entellus as a new host for experimental Plasmodium knowlesi infection. Indian J Med Res 73 (Suppl):63–66.
-
21
Dutta GP, Banyal HS, Kamboj KK, 1982. Bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) as a suitable host for chronic non-fatal Plasmodium knowlesi infection. Indian J Med Res 76 :134–140.
-
22
Langhorne J, Cohen S, 1979. Plasmodium knowlesi in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Parasitology 78 :67–76.
-
23
Chin W, Contacos PG, Coatney GR, Kimball HR, 1965. A naturally acquired quotidian-type malaria in man transferable to monkey. Science 149 :865.
-
24
Escalante AA, Barrio E, Ayala FJ, 1995. Evolutionary origin of human and primate malarias: evidence from the circumsporozoite protein gene. Mol Biol Evol 12 :616–626.
-
25
van der Wel AM, Tomas AM, Kocken CH, Malhotra P, Janse CJ, Waters AP, Thomas AW, 1997. Transfection of the primate malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi using entirely heterologous constructs. J Exp Med 185 :1499–1503.
-
26
Kocken CH, Ozwara H, van Der Wel A, Beetsma AL, Mwenda JM, Thomas AW, 2002. Plasmodium knowlesi provides a rapid in vitro and in vivo transfection system that enables double-crossover gene knockout studies. Infect Immun 70 :655–660.
-
27
Gardner MJ, Hall N, Fung E, White O, Berriman M, Hyman RW, Carlton JM, Pain A, Nelson KE, Bowman S, Paulsen IT, James K, Eisen JA, Rutherford K, Salzberg SL, Craig A, Kyes S, Chan MS, Nene V, Shallom SJ, Suh B, Peterson J, Angiuoli S, Pertea M, Allen J, Selengut J, Haft D, Mather MW, Vaidya AB, Martin DM, Fairlamb AH, Fraunholz MJ, Roos DS, Ralph SA, McFadden GI, Cummings LM, Subramanian GM, Mungall C, Venter JC, Carucci DJ, Hoffman SL, Newbold C, Davis RW, Fraser CM, Barrell B, 2002. Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.Nature 419 :498–511.
-
28
Barnwell JW, Howard RJ, Coon HG, Miller LH, 1983. Splenic requirement for antigenic variation and expression of the variant antigen on the erythrocyte membrane in cloned Plasmodium knowlesi malaria. Infect Immun 40 :985–994.
-
29
Pongponratn E, Riganti M, Punpoowong B, Aikawa M, 1991. Microvascular sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes in human falciparum malaria: a pathological study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :168–175.
-
30
Hearn J, Rayment N, Landon DN, Katz DR, de Souza JB, 2000. Immunopathology of cerebral malaria: morphological evidence of parasite sequestration in murine brain microvasculature. Infect Immun 68 :5364–5376.
-
31
Aikawa M, 1988. Human cerebral malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39 :3–10.
-
32
Aikawa M, Iseki M, Barnwell JW, Taylor D, Oo MM, Howard RJ, 1990. The pathology of human cerebral malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :30–37.
-
33
World Health Organization, Division of Control of Tropical Diseases, 1990. Severe and complicated malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 (Suppl 2):1–65.
-
34
Aikawa M, Brown AE, Smith CD, Tegoshi T, Howard RJ, Hasler TH, Ito Y, Collins WE, Webster HK, 1992. Plasmodium coatneyi-infected rhesus monkeys: a primate model for human cerebral malaria. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87 (Suppl 3):443–447.
-
35
Kawai S, Aikawa M, Kano S, Suzuki M, 1993. A primate model for severe human malaria with cerebral involvement: Plasmodium coatneyi-infected Macaca fuscata.Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :630–636.
-
36
Mahdi AA, Ahmad S, 1991. Pathogenesis of cerebral malaria. Indian J Exp Biol 29 :267–271.
-
37
Ibiwoye MO, Howard CV, Sibbons P, Hasan M, van Velzen D, 1993. Cerebral malaria in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): observations on host pathology. J Comp Pathol 108 :303–310.
-
38
Barnwell JW, Howard RJ, Miller LH, 1982. Altered expression of Plasmodium knowlesi variant antigen on the erythrocyte membrane in splenectomized rhesus monkeys. J Immunol 128 :224–226.
-
39
Miller LH, Fremount HN, Luse SA, 1971. Deep vascular schizogony of Plasmodium knowlesi in Macaca mulatta. Distribution in organs and ultrastructure of parasitized red cells. Am J Trop Med Hyg 20 :816–824.
-
40
al-Khedery B, Barnwell JW, Galinski MR, 1999. Antigenic variation in malaria: a 3′ genomic alteration associated with the expression of a P. knowlesi variant antigen. Mol Cell 3 :131–141.
-
41
Abildgaard C, Harrison J, DeNardo S, Spangler W, Gribble D, 1975. Simian Plasmodium knowlesi malaria: studies of coagulation and pathology. Am J Trop Med Hyg 24 :764–768.
-
42
Tatke M, Malik GB, 1990. Pulmonary pathology in severe malaria infection in health and protein deprivation. J Trop Med Hyg 93 :377–382.
-
43
Spangler WL, Gribble D, Abildgaard C, Harrison J, 1978. Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in the rhesus monkey. Vet Pathol 15 :83–91.
-
44
Rosen S, Hano JE, Barry KG, 1968. Malarial nephropathy in the rhesus monkey. Arch Pathol 85 :36–44.
-
45
Schmidt LH, Fradkin R, Harrison J, Rossan RN, 1977. Differences in the virulence of Plasmodium knowlesi for Macaca irus (fascicularis) of Philippine and Malayan origins. Am J Trop Med Hyg 26 :612–622.
-
46
Day NP, Hien TT, Schollaardt T, Loc PP, Chuong LV, Chau TT, Mai NT, Phu NH, Sinh DX, White NJ, Ho M, 1999. The prognostic and pathophysiologic role of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in severe malaria. J Infect Dis 180 :1288–1297.
-
47
Hill AV, 1998. The immunogenetics of human infectious diseases. Annu Rev Immunol 16 :593–617.
-
48
Tubbs H, 1980. Endotoxin in human and murine malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 74 :121–123.
-
49
Jakobsen PH, Baek L, Jepsen S, 1988. Demonstration of soluble Plasmodium falciparum antigens reactive with Limulus amoebocyte lysate and polymyxin B. Parasite Immunol 10 :593–606.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 34 | 34 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 368 | 103 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 85 | 19 | 0 |