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-
1
Rapmund G, 1984. Rickettsial diseases of the Far East: new perspectives. J Infect Dis 149 :330–338.
-
2
Brown GW, Shirai A, Jegathesan M, Burke DS, Twartz JC, Saunders JP, Huxsoll DL, 1984. Febrile illness in Malaysia-an analysis of 1,629 hospitalized patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :311–315.
-
3
Brown GW, Robinson DM, Huxsoll DL, Ng TS, Lim KJ, Sannasey G, 1976. Scrub typhus: a common cause of illness in indigenous populations. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 70 :444–448.
-
4
Berman SJ, Kundin WD, 1973. Scrub typhus in South Vietnam. Ann Intern Med 79 :26–30.
-
5
Richards AL, Teik OC, Lockman JL, Rahardjo E, Wignall FS, 1997. Scrub typhus in an American living in Jakarta, Indonesia: a case report. Infect Dis Clin Pract 6 :268–273.
-
6
Philip CB, 1948. Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in World War II. J Parasitol 34 :169–191.
-
7
Olson JG, Bourgeois AL, 1977. Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection and scrub typhus incidence among Chinese military personnel in the Pescadores Islands. Am J Epidemiol 106 :172–175.
-
8
Kelly DJ, Richards AL, Temenak JJ, Strickman D, Dasch GA, 2002. The past and present threat of rickettsial diseases to military medicine and international public health. Clin Infect Dis 34 (Suppl 4): s145–s169.
-
9
Gormley TS, 1996. A diagnosis of scrub typhus. Navy Med 87 :20–22.
-
10
Marienau KJ, May LA, Beecham HJ, 2001. Scrub Typhus Among U.S. Marines at Camp Fuji, Japan. Pearl Harbor, HI: U.S. Navy Environmental and Preventive Medicine Unit No. 6 Epidemiological Investigative Report.
-
11
Marienau KJ, 2002. Scrub Typhus Revisited: A Second Outbreak Among U.S. Marines at Camp Fuji, Japan. Pearl Harbor, HI: U.S. Navy Environmental and Preventive Medicine No. 6, Epidemiological Investigative Report.
-
12
Dasch GA, Halle S, Bourgeosis AL, 1979. Sensitive microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against scrub typhus rickettsia, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. J Clin Microbiol 9 :38–48.
-
13
Ching W-M, Wang H, Eamsila, Kelly DJ, Dasch GA, 1998. Expression and refolding of truncated recombinant major outer membrane protein antigen (r56) of Orientia tsutsugamushi and its use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 5 :519–526.
-
14
Ching W-M, Rowland D, Zhang Z, Bourgeois AL, Kelly D, Dasch GA, Devine PL, 2001. Early diagnosis of scrub typhus with a rapid flow assay using recombinant major outer membrane protein antigen (R56) of Orientia tsutsugamusi. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 8 :409–414.
-
15
Wilkinson R, Rowland D, Ching W-M, 2003. Development of an improved rapid lateral flow assay for the detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi specific IgG/IgM antibodies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 990 :386–390.
-
16
Kim I-S, Seong S-Y, Woo S-G, Choi M-S, Kang J-S, Chang W-H, 1993. Rapid diagnosis of scrub typhus by a passive hemagglutination assay using recombinant 56-kilodalton polypeptides. J Clin Microbiol 31 :2057–2060.
-
17
Kim I-S, Seong S-Y, Woo S-G, Choi M-S, Chang W-H, 1993. High-level expression of a 56-kilodalton protein gene (bor56) of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi Boryong and its application to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. J Clin Microbiol 31 :598–605.
-
18
Coleman RE, Sangkasuwan V, Suwanabun N, Ching W-M, Sat-tabongkot J, Eamsila C, Richards AL, Rowland D, Devine P, Lerdthusnee K, 2002. Comparative evaluation of selected diagnostic assays for the detection of IgG and IgM antibody to Orientia tsutsugamushi in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :497–503.
-
19
Elisberg BL, Sangkasuvana V, Campbell JM, Bozeman FM, Bodhidatta P, 1967. Physiogeographic distribution of scrub typhus in Thailand. Acta Med Biol (Niigata) 15 :61–67.
-
20
Tamura A, Takahashi K, Tsuruhara T, Urakami H, Miyamura S, Sekikawa H, Kenmotsu M, Shibata M, Abe S, Nezu H, 1984. Isolation of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi antigenically different from Kato, Karp, and Gilliam strains from patients. Microbiol Immunol 28 :873–882.
-
21
Richards AL, Soeatmandji DW, Widodo MA, Sardjono TW, Yanuwiadi B, Hernowati TE, Baskoro AD, Roebiyoso, Hakim L, Soendoro M, Rahardjo E, Putri MP, Saragih JM, Strickman D, Kelly DJ, Dasch GA, Olson JG, Church CJ, Corwin AL, 1997. Seroepidemiological evidence for murine and scrub typhus in Malang, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :91–95.
-
22
Watt G, Strickman D, 1994. Life-threatening scrub typhus in a traveler returning from Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 18 :624–626.
-
23
Eamsila C, Singsawat P, Duangvaraporn A, Strickman D, 1996. Antibodies to Orientia tsutsugamushi in Thai soldiers. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :556–559.
-
24
Ohashi N, Tamura A, Suto T, 1988. Immunoblotting analysis of anti-rickettsial antibodies produced in patients of Tsutsugamushi disease. Microbiol Immunol 32 :1085–1092.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 616 | 572 | 203 |
| Full Text Views | 324 | 4 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 67 | 4 | 1 |
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF TWO SCRUB TYPHUS OUTBREAKS AT CAMP FUJI, JAPAN IN 2000 AND 2001 BY ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY, RAPID FLOW ASSAY, AND WESTERN BLOT ASSAY USING OUTER MEMBRANE 56-KD RECOMBINANT PROTEINS
JU JIANG
JU JIANG
Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Navy Environmental Preventive Medicine Unit No. 6, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; PANBIO Limited, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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KAREN J. MARIENAU
KAREN J. MARIENAU
Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Navy Environmental Preventive Medicine Unit No. 6, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; PANBIO Limited, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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LAUREL A. MAY
LAUREL A. MAY
Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Navy Environmental Preventive Medicine Unit No. 6, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; PANBIO Limited, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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H. JAMES BEECHAM III
H. JAMES BEECHAM III
Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Navy Environmental Preventive Medicine Unit No. 6, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; PANBIO Limited, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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RAY WILKINSON
RAY WILKINSON
Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Navy Environmental Preventive Medicine Unit No. 6, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; PANBIO Limited, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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WEI-MEI CHING
WEI-MEI CHING
Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Navy Environmental Preventive Medicine Unit No. 6, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; PANBIO Limited, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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ALLEN L. RICHARDS
ALLEN L. RICHARDS
Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Navy Environmental Preventive Medicine Unit No. 6, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; PANBIO Limited, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Two scrub typhus outbreaks occurred among U.S. Marines training at Camp Fuji, Japan, between October 25 and November 3, 2000 and October 17 and November 30, 2001. Nine cases in approximately 800 Marines in 2000 and eight cases in approximately 900 Marines in 2001 (approximate attack rates = 1.1% and 0.9%, respectively) reported with signs and symptoms of fever, rash, headache, lymphadenopathy, myalgia, and eschar. Serologies and rapid response to doxycycline treatment indicated they had scrub typhus. Sixty-four convalescent serum samples (18 suspected cases and 46 negative controls) from U.S. Marines training at Camp Fuji during the outbreaks were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), rapid flow assay (RFA), and Western blot assay for evidence of infection with Orientia tsutsugamushi, the causative agent of scrub typhus. All but one suspected case had serologic evidence of scrub typhus and all 46 control sera were non-reactive to O. tsutsugamushi antigens. The recombinant 56-kD antigen (r56) from the Karp, Kato and Gilliam strains of O. tsutsugamushi in an ELISA format provided better results than Karp r56 alone (ELISA and RFA) or whole cell antigen preparation from Karp, Kato and Gilliam (ELISA).
Author Notes
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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
Rapmund G, 1984. Rickettsial diseases of the Far East: new perspectives. J Infect Dis 149 :330–338.
-
2
Brown GW, Shirai A, Jegathesan M, Burke DS, Twartz JC, Saunders JP, Huxsoll DL, 1984. Febrile illness in Malaysia-an analysis of 1,629 hospitalized patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :311–315.
-
3
Brown GW, Robinson DM, Huxsoll DL, Ng TS, Lim KJ, Sannasey G, 1976. Scrub typhus: a common cause of illness in indigenous populations. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 70 :444–448.
-
4
Berman SJ, Kundin WD, 1973. Scrub typhus in South Vietnam. Ann Intern Med 79 :26–30.
-
5
Richards AL, Teik OC, Lockman JL, Rahardjo E, Wignall FS, 1997. Scrub typhus in an American living in Jakarta, Indonesia: a case report. Infect Dis Clin Pract 6 :268–273.
-
6
Philip CB, 1948. Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in World War II. J Parasitol 34 :169–191.
-
7
Olson JG, Bourgeois AL, 1977. Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection and scrub typhus incidence among Chinese military personnel in the Pescadores Islands. Am J Epidemiol 106 :172–175.
-
8
Kelly DJ, Richards AL, Temenak JJ, Strickman D, Dasch GA, 2002. The past and present threat of rickettsial diseases to military medicine and international public health. Clin Infect Dis 34 (Suppl 4): s145–s169.
-
9
Gormley TS, 1996. A diagnosis of scrub typhus. Navy Med 87 :20–22.
-
10
Marienau KJ, May LA, Beecham HJ, 2001. Scrub Typhus Among U.S. Marines at Camp Fuji, Japan. Pearl Harbor, HI: U.S. Navy Environmental and Preventive Medicine Unit No. 6 Epidemiological Investigative Report.
-
11
Marienau KJ, 2002. Scrub Typhus Revisited: A Second Outbreak Among U.S. Marines at Camp Fuji, Japan. Pearl Harbor, HI: U.S. Navy Environmental and Preventive Medicine No. 6, Epidemiological Investigative Report.
-
12
Dasch GA, Halle S, Bourgeosis AL, 1979. Sensitive microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against scrub typhus rickettsia, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. J Clin Microbiol 9 :38–48.
-
13
Ching W-M, Wang H, Eamsila, Kelly DJ, Dasch GA, 1998. Expression and refolding of truncated recombinant major outer membrane protein antigen (r56) of Orientia tsutsugamushi and its use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 5 :519–526.
-
14
Ching W-M, Rowland D, Zhang Z, Bourgeois AL, Kelly D, Dasch GA, Devine PL, 2001. Early diagnosis of scrub typhus with a rapid flow assay using recombinant major outer membrane protein antigen (R56) of Orientia tsutsugamusi. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 8 :409–414.
-
15
Wilkinson R, Rowland D, Ching W-M, 2003. Development of an improved rapid lateral flow assay for the detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi specific IgG/IgM antibodies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 990 :386–390.
-
16
Kim I-S, Seong S-Y, Woo S-G, Choi M-S, Kang J-S, Chang W-H, 1993. Rapid diagnosis of scrub typhus by a passive hemagglutination assay using recombinant 56-kilodalton polypeptides. J Clin Microbiol 31 :2057–2060.
-
17
Kim I-S, Seong S-Y, Woo S-G, Choi M-S, Chang W-H, 1993. High-level expression of a 56-kilodalton protein gene (bor56) of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi Boryong and its application to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. J Clin Microbiol 31 :598–605.
-
18
Coleman RE, Sangkasuwan V, Suwanabun N, Ching W-M, Sat-tabongkot J, Eamsila C, Richards AL, Rowland D, Devine P, Lerdthusnee K, 2002. Comparative evaluation of selected diagnostic assays for the detection of IgG and IgM antibody to Orientia tsutsugamushi in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :497–503.
-
19
Elisberg BL, Sangkasuvana V, Campbell JM, Bozeman FM, Bodhidatta P, 1967. Physiogeographic distribution of scrub typhus in Thailand. Acta Med Biol (Niigata) 15 :61–67.
-
20
Tamura A, Takahashi K, Tsuruhara T, Urakami H, Miyamura S, Sekikawa H, Kenmotsu M, Shibata M, Abe S, Nezu H, 1984. Isolation of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi antigenically different from Kato, Karp, and Gilliam strains from patients. Microbiol Immunol 28 :873–882.
-
21
Richards AL, Soeatmandji DW, Widodo MA, Sardjono TW, Yanuwiadi B, Hernowati TE, Baskoro AD, Roebiyoso, Hakim L, Soendoro M, Rahardjo E, Putri MP, Saragih JM, Strickman D, Kelly DJ, Dasch GA, Olson JG, Church CJ, Corwin AL, 1997. Seroepidemiological evidence for murine and scrub typhus in Malang, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :91–95.
-
22
Watt G, Strickman D, 1994. Life-threatening scrub typhus in a traveler returning from Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 18 :624–626.
-
23
Eamsila C, Singsawat P, Duangvaraporn A, Strickman D, 1996. Antibodies to Orientia tsutsugamushi in Thai soldiers. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :556–559.
-
24
Ohashi N, Tamura A, Suto T, 1988. Immunoblotting analysis of anti-rickettsial antibodies produced in patients of Tsutsugamushi disease. Microbiol Immunol 32 :1085–1092.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 616 | 572 | 203 |
| Full Text Views | 324 | 4 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 67 | 4 | 1 |