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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organization, 1999. Leptospirosis worldwide, 1999. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 74 :237–242.
-
2
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995. Outbreak of acute febrile illness and pulmonary hemorrhage-Nicaragua, 1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 44 :839–843.
-
3
Vinetz JM, Glass GE, Flexner CE, Mueller P, Kaslow DC, 1996. Sporadic urban leptospirosis. Ann Intern Med 125 :794–798.
-
4
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001. Update: outbreak of acute febrile illness among athletes participating in eco-challenge-Sabah 2000 - Borneo, Malaysia, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50 :21–24.
-
5
Levett PN, 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14 :296–326.
-
6
Bunnell JE, Hice CL, Watts DM, Montrueil V, Tesh RB, Vinetz JM, 2000. Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. infections among mammals captured in the Peruvian Amazon basin region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :255–258.
-
7
Sulzer AJ, Sulzer KR, Cantella RA, Colichon H, Latorre CR, Welch M, 1978. Study of coinciding foci of malaria and leptospirosis in the Peruvian Amazon area. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 72 :76–83.
-
8
Johnston JH, Lloyd J, McDonald J, Waitkins S, 1983. Leptospirosis-an occupational disease of soldiers. J R Army Med Corps 129 :111–114.
-
9
Corwin A, Ryan A, Bloys W, Thomas R, Deniega B, Watts D, 1990. A waterborne outbreak of leptospirosis among United States military personnel in Okinawa, Japan. Int J Epidemiol 19 :743–748.
-
10
Takafuji ET, Kirkpatrick JW, Miller RN, Karwacki JJ, Kelley PW, Gray MR, McNeill KM, Timboe HL, Kane RE, Sanchez JL, 1984. An efficacy trial of doxycycline chemoprophylaxis against leptospirosis. N Engl J Med 310 :497–500.
-
11
Tesh RB, Watts DM, Russell KL, Damodaran C, Calampa C, Cabezas C, Ramirez G, Vasquez B, Hayes CG, Rossi CA, Powers AM, Hice CL, Chandler LJ, Cropp BC, Karabatsos N, Roehrig JT, Gubler DJ, 1999. Mayaro virus disease: an emerging mosquito-borne zoonosis in tropical South America. Clin Infect Dis 28 :67–73.
-
12
Watts DM, Callahan J, Rossi C, Oberste MS, Roehrig JT, Wooster MT, Smith JF, Cropp CB, Gentrau EM, Karabatsos N, Gubler D, Hayes CG, 1998. Venezuelan equine encephalitis febrile cases among humans in the Peruvian Amazon River region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :35–40.
-
13
Watts DM, Lavera V, Callahan J, Rossi C, Oberste MS, Roehrig JT, Cropp CB, Karabatsos N, Smith JF, Gubler DJ, Wooster MT, Nelson WM, Hayes CG, 1997. Venezuelan equine encephalitis and Oropouche virus infections among Peruvian army troops in the Amazon region of Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :661–667.
-
14
Carpenter CF, Gandhi TK, Kong LK, Corey GR, Chen SM, Walker DH, Dumler JS, Breitschwerdt E, Hegarty B, Sexton DJ, 1999. The incidence of ehrlichial and rickettsial infection in patients with unexplained fever and recent history of tick bite in central North Carolina. J Infect Dis 180 :900–903.
-
15
Faine S, 1988. Leptospirosis. Balows A, Hausler WJ, Ohashi M, Turano A, eds. Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: Principles and Practice. New York: Springer-Verlag, 344–352.
-
16
Katz AR, Effler PV, 2003. “Probable” versus “confirmed” leptospirosis. An epidemiologic and clinical comparison utilizing a surveillance case classification. Ann Epidemiol 13 :196–203.
-
17
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997. Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 46 :1–55.
-
18
Zaki SR, Shieh W-J, 1996. Leptospirosis associated with outbreak of acute febrile illnesses and pulmonary haemorrhage, Nicaragua, 1995. Lancet 347 :535–536.
-
19
Vinetz JM, 2001. Leptospirosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 14 :527–538.
-
20
Berman SJ, Irving GS, Kundin WD, Gunning JJ, Watten RH, 1973. Epidemiology of the acute fevers of unknown origin in South Vietnam: effect of laboratory support upon clinical diagnosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 22 :796–801.
-
21
Gale NB, Alexander AD, Evans LB, Yager RH, Matheney RG, 1966. An outbreak of leptospirosis among U.S. Army troops in the Canal Zone. Am J Trop Med Hyg 15 :64–70.
-
22
Bryan JP, Iqbal M, Ksiazek TG, Ahmed A, Duncan JF, Awan B, Krieg RE, Riaz M, Leduc JW, Nabi S, Qureshi MS, Malik IA, Legters LJ, 1996. Prevalence of sand fly fever, West Nile, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and leptospirosis antibodies in Pakistani military personnel. Mil Med 161 :149–153.
-
23
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998. Update: Leptospirosis and unexplained acute febrile illness among athletes participating in triathlons - Illinois and Wisconsin, 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47 :673–676.
-
24
Effler PV, Bogard AK, Domen HY, Katz AR, Higa HY, Sasaki DM, 2002. Evaluation of eight rapid screening tests for acute leptospirosis in Hawaii. J Clin Microbiol 40 :1464–1469.
-
25
Bajani MD, Ashford DA, Bragg SL, Woods CW, Aye T, Spiegel RA, Plikaytis BD, Perkins BA, Phelan M, Levett PN, Weyant RS, 2003. Evaluation of four commercially available rapid serologic tests for diagnosis of leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol 41 :803–809.
-
26
Levett PN, 2003. Usefulness of serologic analysis as a predictor of the infecting serovar in patients with severe leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 36 :447–452.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 666 | 551 | 30 |
| Full Text Views | 309 | 8 | 0 |
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AN OUTBREAK OF LEPTOSPIROSIS AMONG PERUVIAN MILITARY RECRUITS
KEVIN L. RUSSELL
KEVIN L. RUSSELL
United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Hospital, Lima, Peru; Technical School, Peruvian Army, Lima, Peru; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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MARCO A. MONTIEL GONZALEZ
MARCO A. MONTIEL GONZALEZ
United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Hospital, Lima, Peru; Technical School, Peruvian Army, Lima, Peru; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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DOUGLAS M. WATTS
DOUGLAS M. WATTS
United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Hospital, Lima, Peru; Technical School, Peruvian Army, Lima, Peru; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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ROBERTO C. LAGOS-FIGUEROA
ROBERTO C. LAGOS-FIGUEROA
United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Hospital, Lima, Peru; Technical School, Peruvian Army, Lima, Peru; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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GLORIA CHAUCA
GLORIA CHAUCA
United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Hospital, Lima, Peru; Technical School, Peruvian Army, Lima, Peru; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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MARIANELA ORE
MARIANELA ORE
United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Hospital, Lima, Peru; Technical School, Peruvian Army, Lima, Peru; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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JOSE E. GONZALEZ
JOSE E. GONZALEZ
United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Hospital, Lima, Peru; Technical School, Peruvian Army, Lima, Peru; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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CECILIA MORON
CECILIA MORON
United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Hospital, Lima, Peru; Technical School, Peruvian Army, Lima, Peru; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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ROBERT B. TESH
ROBERT B. TESH
United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Hospital, Lima, Peru; Technical School, Peruvian Army, Lima, Peru; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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JOSEPH M. VINETZ
JOSEPH M. VINETZ
United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Hospital, Lima, Peru; Technical School, Peruvian Army, Lima, Peru; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses are common in tropical developing countries but are difficult to diagnose on clinical grounds alone. Leptospirosis is rarely diagnosed, despite evidence that sporadic cases and epidemics continue to occur worldwide. The purpose of this study was to diagnose an outbreak of acute undifferentiated febrile illness among Peruvian military recruits that developed after a training exercise in the high jungle rainforest of Peru. Of 193 military recruits, 78 developed an acute febrile illness with varied manifestations. Of these, 72 were found to have acute leptospirosis by a microscopic agglutination test (MAT). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using Leptospira biflexa antigen was insensitive for the detection of anti-leptospiral IgM antibodies compared with the MAT (20 of 72, 28%). This outbreak of acute undifferentiated febrile illness among Peruvian military recruits was due to leptospirosis. High clinical suspicion, initiation of preventative measures, and performance of appropriate diagnostic testing is warranted in similar settings to identify, treat, and prevent leptospirosis.
Author Notes
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-
1
World Health Organization, 1999. Leptospirosis worldwide, 1999. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 74 :237–242.
-
2
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995. Outbreak of acute febrile illness and pulmonary hemorrhage-Nicaragua, 1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 44 :839–843.
-
3
Vinetz JM, Glass GE, Flexner CE, Mueller P, Kaslow DC, 1996. Sporadic urban leptospirosis. Ann Intern Med 125 :794–798.
-
4
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001. Update: outbreak of acute febrile illness among athletes participating in eco-challenge-Sabah 2000 - Borneo, Malaysia, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50 :21–24.
-
5
Levett PN, 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14 :296–326.
-
6
Bunnell JE, Hice CL, Watts DM, Montrueil V, Tesh RB, Vinetz JM, 2000. Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. infections among mammals captured in the Peruvian Amazon basin region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :255–258.
-
7
Sulzer AJ, Sulzer KR, Cantella RA, Colichon H, Latorre CR, Welch M, 1978. Study of coinciding foci of malaria and leptospirosis in the Peruvian Amazon area. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 72 :76–83.
-
8
Johnston JH, Lloyd J, McDonald J, Waitkins S, 1983. Leptospirosis-an occupational disease of soldiers. J R Army Med Corps 129 :111–114.
-
9
Corwin A, Ryan A, Bloys W, Thomas R, Deniega B, Watts D, 1990. A waterborne outbreak of leptospirosis among United States military personnel in Okinawa, Japan. Int J Epidemiol 19 :743–748.
-
10
Takafuji ET, Kirkpatrick JW, Miller RN, Karwacki JJ, Kelley PW, Gray MR, McNeill KM, Timboe HL, Kane RE, Sanchez JL, 1984. An efficacy trial of doxycycline chemoprophylaxis against leptospirosis. N Engl J Med 310 :497–500.
-
11
Tesh RB, Watts DM, Russell KL, Damodaran C, Calampa C, Cabezas C, Ramirez G, Vasquez B, Hayes CG, Rossi CA, Powers AM, Hice CL, Chandler LJ, Cropp BC, Karabatsos N, Roehrig JT, Gubler DJ, 1999. Mayaro virus disease: an emerging mosquito-borne zoonosis in tropical South America. Clin Infect Dis 28 :67–73.
-
12
Watts DM, Callahan J, Rossi C, Oberste MS, Roehrig JT, Wooster MT, Smith JF, Cropp CB, Gentrau EM, Karabatsos N, Gubler D, Hayes CG, 1998. Venezuelan equine encephalitis febrile cases among humans in the Peruvian Amazon River region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :35–40.
-
13
Watts DM, Lavera V, Callahan J, Rossi C, Oberste MS, Roehrig JT, Cropp CB, Karabatsos N, Smith JF, Gubler DJ, Wooster MT, Nelson WM, Hayes CG, 1997. Venezuelan equine encephalitis and Oropouche virus infections among Peruvian army troops in the Amazon region of Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :661–667.
-
14
Carpenter CF, Gandhi TK, Kong LK, Corey GR, Chen SM, Walker DH, Dumler JS, Breitschwerdt E, Hegarty B, Sexton DJ, 1999. The incidence of ehrlichial and rickettsial infection in patients with unexplained fever and recent history of tick bite in central North Carolina. J Infect Dis 180 :900–903.
-
15
Faine S, 1988. Leptospirosis. Balows A, Hausler WJ, Ohashi M, Turano A, eds. Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: Principles and Practice. New York: Springer-Verlag, 344–352.
-
16
Katz AR, Effler PV, 2003. “Probable” versus “confirmed” leptospirosis. An epidemiologic and clinical comparison utilizing a surveillance case classification. Ann Epidemiol 13 :196–203.
-
17
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997. Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 46 :1–55.
-
18
Zaki SR, Shieh W-J, 1996. Leptospirosis associated with outbreak of acute febrile illnesses and pulmonary haemorrhage, Nicaragua, 1995. Lancet 347 :535–536.
-
19
Vinetz JM, 2001. Leptospirosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 14 :527–538.
-
20
Berman SJ, Irving GS, Kundin WD, Gunning JJ, Watten RH, 1973. Epidemiology of the acute fevers of unknown origin in South Vietnam: effect of laboratory support upon clinical diagnosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 22 :796–801.
-
21
Gale NB, Alexander AD, Evans LB, Yager RH, Matheney RG, 1966. An outbreak of leptospirosis among U.S. Army troops in the Canal Zone. Am J Trop Med Hyg 15 :64–70.
-
22
Bryan JP, Iqbal M, Ksiazek TG, Ahmed A, Duncan JF, Awan B, Krieg RE, Riaz M, Leduc JW, Nabi S, Qureshi MS, Malik IA, Legters LJ, 1996. Prevalence of sand fly fever, West Nile, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and leptospirosis antibodies in Pakistani military personnel. Mil Med 161 :149–153.
-
23
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998. Update: Leptospirosis and unexplained acute febrile illness among athletes participating in triathlons - Illinois and Wisconsin, 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47 :673–676.
-
24
Effler PV, Bogard AK, Domen HY, Katz AR, Higa HY, Sasaki DM, 2002. Evaluation of eight rapid screening tests for acute leptospirosis in Hawaii. J Clin Microbiol 40 :1464–1469.
-
25
Bajani MD, Ashford DA, Bragg SL, Woods CW, Aye T, Spiegel RA, Plikaytis BD, Perkins BA, Phelan M, Levett PN, Weyant RS, 2003. Evaluation of four commercially available rapid serologic tests for diagnosis of leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol 41 :803–809.
-
26
Levett PN, 2003. Usefulness of serologic analysis as a predictor of the infecting serovar in patients with severe leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 36 :447–452.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 666 | 551 | 30 |
| Full Text Views | 309 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 84 | 12 | 0 |