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Reference Manager
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-
1
Menon A, Otoo LN, Herbage EA, Greenwood BM, 1990. A national survey of the prevalence of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :638–640.
-
2
von Seidlein L, Duraisingh,MT, Drakeley CJ, Bailey R, Greenwood BM, Pinder M,1997. Polymorphism of the Pfmdr1 gene and chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :450–453.
-
3
Muller O, Boele van Hensbroek M, Jaffar S, Drakeley C, Okorie C, Joof D, Pinder M, Greenwood B, 1996. A randomised trial of chloroquine, amodiaquine and pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine in Gambian children with uncomplicated malaria. Trop Med Int Health 1 :124–132.
-
4
Sutherland CJ, Alloueche A, Curtis J, Drakeley CJ, Ord R, Duraisingh M, Greenwood BM, Pinder M, Warhurst DC, Targett GA, 2002. Gambian children successfully treated with chloroquine can harbor and transmit Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes carrying resistance genes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :578–585.
-
5
Trape JF, Pison G, Preziosi MP, Enel C, Desgrees du Lou A, Delaunay V, Samb B, Lagarde E, Molez JF, Simondon F, 1998. Impact of chloroquine resistance on malaria mortality. C R Acad Sci III 321 :689–697.
-
6
Ronn AM, Msangeni HA, Mhina J, Wernsdorfer WH, Bygbjerg IC, 1996. High level of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in children in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :179–181.
-
7
Nwanyanwu OC, Ziba C, MacHeso A, Kazembe P, 2000. Efficacy of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine for acute uncomplicated malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum in Malawian children under five years old. Trop Med Int Health 5 :355–358.
-
8
von Seidlein L, Milligan P, Pinder M, Bojang K, Anyalebechi C, Gosling R, Coleman R, Ude JI, Sadiq A, Duraisingh M, Warhurst D, Alloueche A, Targett G, McAdam K, Greenwood B, Walraven G, Olliaro P, Doherty T, 2000. Efficacy of artesunate plus pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine for uncomplicated malaria in Gambian children: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 355 :352–357.
-
9
Targett G, Drakeley C, Jawara M, von Seidlein L, Coleman R, Deen J, Pinder M. Doherty T, Sutherland C, Walraven G, Milligan P, 2001. Artesunate reduces but does not prevent posttreatment transmission of Plasmodium falciparum to Anopheles gambiae. J Infect Dis 183 :1254–1259.
-
10
Greenwood BM, Armstrong JRM, 1991. Comparison of two simple methods for determining malaria parasite density. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85 :186–188.
-
11
Collet D, 1994. Modelling Survival Data in Medical Research. London: Chapman and Hall.
-
12
WHO, 1999. A Practical Handbook for Antimalarial Drug Therapeutic Efficacy Testing for the District Health Worker. WHO Regional Office for Africa. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
13
von Seidlein L, Jawara M, Coleman R, Doherty T, Walraven G, Targett G, 2001. Parasitaemia and gametocytaemia after treatment with chloroquine, pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine, and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine combined with artesunate in young Gambians with uncomplicated malaria. Trop Med Int Health 6 :92–98.
-
14
White NJ, 1994. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of artemisinin and derivatives. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 (Suppl 1): S41–S43.
-
15
Hoshen MB, Na-Bangchang K, Stein WD, Ginsburg H, 2000. Mathematical modelling of the chemotherapy of Plasmodium falciparum malaria with artesunate: postulation of ‘dormancy’, a partial cytostatic effect of its drug, and its implication for treatment regimens. Parasitology 121 :237–246.
-
16
Sutherland CJ, Alloueche A, McRobert L, Ord R, Leggat J, Snounou G, Pinder M, Targett GAT, 2002. Genetic complexity of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of treated Gambian children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :700–705.
-
17
Dollery C, ed., 1999. Therapeutic Drugs. Second edition. London: Churchill Livingstone.
-
18
Adjuik M, Agnamey P, Babiker A, Borrmann S, Brasseur P, Cisse M, Cobelens F, Diallo S, Faucher JF, Garner P, Gikunda S, Kremsner PG, Krishna S, Lell B, Loolpapit M, Matsiegui PB, Missinou MA, Mwanza J, Ntoumi F, Olliaro P, Osimbo P, Rezbach P, Some E, Taylor WR, 2002. Amodiaquine-artesunate versus amodiaquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in African children: a randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet 359 :1365–1372.
-
19
Dorsey G, Njama D, Kamya M, Cattamanchi A, Kyabayinze D, Staedke S, Gasasira A, Rosenthal P, 2002. Sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine alone or with amodiaquine or artesunate for treatment of uncomplicated malaria: a longitudinal randomized trial. Lancet 360 :2031–2038.
-
20
Price R, Nosten F, Luxemburger C, Kuile FOT, Paiphun L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, 1996. Effects of artemisinin derivatives on malaria transmissibility. Lancet 347 :1654–1658.
-
21
Fivelman QL, Walden JC, Smith PJ, Folb PI, Barnes KI, 1999. The effect of artesunate combined with standard antimalarials against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :429–432.
-
22
Warhurst DC, Duraisingh MT, 2001. Rational use of drugs against Plasmodium falciparum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :345–346.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 682 | 655 | 310 |
| Full Text Views | 320 | 4 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 75 | 3 | 0 |
THE ADDITION OF ARTESUNATE TO CHLOROQUINE FOR TREATMENT OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA IN GAMBIAN CHILDREN DELAYS, BUT DOES NOT PREVENT TREATMENT FAILURE
COLIN J. SUTHERLAND
COLIN J. SUTHERLAND
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Joint Malaria Programme, Moshi, Tanzania; Farafenni Field Station and Fajara Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia
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CHRISTOPHER J. DRAKELEY
CHRISTOPHER J. DRAKELEY
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Joint Malaria Programme, Moshi, Tanzania; Farafenni Field Station and Fajara Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia
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UCHE OBISIKE
UCHE OBISIKE
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Joint Malaria Programme, Moshi, Tanzania; Farafenni Field Station and Fajara Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia
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ROSALIND COLEMAN
ROSALIND COLEMAN
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Joint Malaria Programme, Moshi, Tanzania; Farafenni Field Station and Fajara Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia
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MUSA JAWARA
MUSA JAWARA
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Joint Malaria Programme, Moshi, Tanzania; Farafenni Field Station and Fajara Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia
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GEOFFREY A. T. TARGETT
GEOFFREY A. T. TARGETT
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Joint Malaria Programme, Moshi, Tanzania; Farafenni Field Station and Fajara Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia
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PAUL MILLIGAN
PAUL MILLIGAN
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Joint Malaria Programme, Moshi, Tanzania; Farafenni Field Station and Fajara Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia
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MARGARET PINDER
MARGARET PINDER
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Joint Malaria Programme, Moshi, Tanzania; Farafenni Field Station and Fajara Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia
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GIJS WALRAVEN
GIJS WALRAVEN
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Joint Malaria Programme, Moshi, Tanzania; Farafenni Field Station and Fajara Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia
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In a randomized controlled trial, chloroquine monotherapy was compared with the combination of artesunate and chloroquine for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in 536 Gambian children. Chloroquine-treated children exhibited a 28-day clinical failure rate of 15% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 9.2–22%) compared with 11% (7.8–15%) among children receiving the combination (P = 0.08, by Wilcoxon test). Seventy-three percent of chloroquine-treated children exhibited parasitemia during follow-up compared with 49% of children receiving the combination (relative risk = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.3–1.7; χ2 = 21.18, P < 0.001). A significant reduction in clinical and parasitologic treatment failure in the combination group occurred in the first two weeks following treatment, but this was eroded over weeks three and four of follow-up. The impact of combination therapy on the transmission of chloroquine-resistant parasites is discussed. Chloroquine plus artesunate is not sufficiently efficacious to justify its introduction as a replacement for chloroquine monotherapy in The Gambia.
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-
1
Menon A, Otoo LN, Herbage EA, Greenwood BM, 1990. A national survey of the prevalence of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :638–640.
-
2
von Seidlein L, Duraisingh,MT, Drakeley CJ, Bailey R, Greenwood BM, Pinder M,1997. Polymorphism of the Pfmdr1 gene and chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :450–453.
-
3
Muller O, Boele van Hensbroek M, Jaffar S, Drakeley C, Okorie C, Joof D, Pinder M, Greenwood B, 1996. A randomised trial of chloroquine, amodiaquine and pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine in Gambian children with uncomplicated malaria. Trop Med Int Health 1 :124–132.
-
4
Sutherland CJ, Alloueche A, Curtis J, Drakeley CJ, Ord R, Duraisingh M, Greenwood BM, Pinder M, Warhurst DC, Targett GA, 2002. Gambian children successfully treated with chloroquine can harbor and transmit Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes carrying resistance genes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :578–585.
-
5
Trape JF, Pison G, Preziosi MP, Enel C, Desgrees du Lou A, Delaunay V, Samb B, Lagarde E, Molez JF, Simondon F, 1998. Impact of chloroquine resistance on malaria mortality. C R Acad Sci III 321 :689–697.
-
6
Ronn AM, Msangeni HA, Mhina J, Wernsdorfer WH, Bygbjerg IC, 1996. High level of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in children in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :179–181.
-
7
Nwanyanwu OC, Ziba C, MacHeso A, Kazembe P, 2000. Efficacy of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine for acute uncomplicated malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum in Malawian children under five years old. Trop Med Int Health 5 :355–358.
-
8
von Seidlein L, Milligan P, Pinder M, Bojang K, Anyalebechi C, Gosling R, Coleman R, Ude JI, Sadiq A, Duraisingh M, Warhurst D, Alloueche A, Targett G, McAdam K, Greenwood B, Walraven G, Olliaro P, Doherty T, 2000. Efficacy of artesunate plus pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine for uncomplicated malaria in Gambian children: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 355 :352–357.
-
9
Targett G, Drakeley C, Jawara M, von Seidlein L, Coleman R, Deen J, Pinder M. Doherty T, Sutherland C, Walraven G, Milligan P, 2001. Artesunate reduces but does not prevent posttreatment transmission of Plasmodium falciparum to Anopheles gambiae. J Infect Dis 183 :1254–1259.
-
10
Greenwood BM, Armstrong JRM, 1991. Comparison of two simple methods for determining malaria parasite density. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85 :186–188.
-
11
Collet D, 1994. Modelling Survival Data in Medical Research. London: Chapman and Hall.
-
12
WHO, 1999. A Practical Handbook for Antimalarial Drug Therapeutic Efficacy Testing for the District Health Worker. WHO Regional Office for Africa. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
13
von Seidlein L, Jawara M, Coleman R, Doherty T, Walraven G, Targett G, 2001. Parasitaemia and gametocytaemia after treatment with chloroquine, pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine, and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine combined with artesunate in young Gambians with uncomplicated malaria. Trop Med Int Health 6 :92–98.
-
14
White NJ, 1994. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of artemisinin and derivatives. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 (Suppl 1): S41–S43.
-
15
Hoshen MB, Na-Bangchang K, Stein WD, Ginsburg H, 2000. Mathematical modelling of the chemotherapy of Plasmodium falciparum malaria with artesunate: postulation of ‘dormancy’, a partial cytostatic effect of its drug, and its implication for treatment regimens. Parasitology 121 :237–246.
-
16
Sutherland CJ, Alloueche A, McRobert L, Ord R, Leggat J, Snounou G, Pinder M, Targett GAT, 2002. Genetic complexity of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of treated Gambian children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :700–705.
-
17
Dollery C, ed., 1999. Therapeutic Drugs. Second edition. London: Churchill Livingstone.
-
18
Adjuik M, Agnamey P, Babiker A, Borrmann S, Brasseur P, Cisse M, Cobelens F, Diallo S, Faucher JF, Garner P, Gikunda S, Kremsner PG, Krishna S, Lell B, Loolpapit M, Matsiegui PB, Missinou MA, Mwanza J, Ntoumi F, Olliaro P, Osimbo P, Rezbach P, Some E, Taylor WR, 2002. Amodiaquine-artesunate versus amodiaquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in African children: a randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet 359 :1365–1372.
-
19
Dorsey G, Njama D, Kamya M, Cattamanchi A, Kyabayinze D, Staedke S, Gasasira A, Rosenthal P, 2002. Sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine alone or with amodiaquine or artesunate for treatment of uncomplicated malaria: a longitudinal randomized trial. Lancet 360 :2031–2038.
-
20
Price R, Nosten F, Luxemburger C, Kuile FOT, Paiphun L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, 1996. Effects of artemisinin derivatives on malaria transmissibility. Lancet 347 :1654–1658.
-
21
Fivelman QL, Walden JC, Smith PJ, Folb PI, Barnes KI, 1999. The effect of artesunate combined with standard antimalarials against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :429–432.
-
22
Warhurst DC, Duraisingh MT, 2001. Rational use of drugs against Plasmodium falciparum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :345–346.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 682 | 655 | 310 |
| Full Text Views | 320 | 4 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 75 | 3 | 0 |