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1
Villadary I, Paquet C, Hemelsdael E, Blanchard G, Saki ZM, 1997. In vivo drug sensitivity of P. falciparum in the Tabou region of Ivory Coast. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 90 :10–13.
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2
Basco LK, Ringwald P, 1999. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Younde, Cameroon. IV. Evolution of pyrimethamine resistance between 1994 and 1998. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :802–806.
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3
Falade CO, Salako LA, Sowinmi A, Odoula AM, Larcier P, 1997. Comparative efficacy of halofantrine, chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine for treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Nigerian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :58–62.
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4
Parola P, Ali I, Djermakoye F, Crassard N, Bendavid C, Faugere B, Condomines P, 1999. Chloroquine sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum at the Gamkalley Clinic and the Nigerian armed forces PMI (Niamey, Niger). Bull Soc Pathol Exot 92 :317–319.
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5
Wolday D, Kibreab T, Bukenya D, Hodes R, 1995. Sensitivity of P. falciparum in vivo to chloroquine and sulfadoxine/ pyrimethamine in Rwandan patients in a refugee camp in Zaire. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :654–656.
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6
Guiguemde TR, Aouba A, Ouedraogo JB, Lamizana L, 1994. Ten-year surveillance of drug resistant malaria in Burkina Faso (1982–1991). Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :699–704.
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7
Roche J, Ayecaba S, Amela C, Alvar J, Benito A, 1996. Epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Equatorial Guinea. Res Rev Parasitol 56 :99–104.
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8
WHO, 1996. Assessment of therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial drugs for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in areas with intense transmission. WHO/MAL/96.1077.
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10
Bloland PB, Kazembe PN, Oloo AJ, Himonga B, Barat LM, Ruebush TK, 1998. Chloroquine in Africa: critical assessment and recommendations for monitoring and evaluating chloroquine therapy efficacy in sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Int Health 7 :543–552.
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11
Ekvall H, Premji Z, Bjorkman A, 1998. Chloroquine treatment for uncomplicated childhood malaria in an area with drug resistance: early treatment failure aggravates anemia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :556–560.
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12
Bloland PB, Lackritz EM, Kazembe PN, Were JB, Steketee R, Campbell CC, 1993. Beyond chloroquine: implications of drug resistance for evaluating malaria therapy efficacy and treatment policy in Africa. J Infect Dis 167 :932–937.
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13
Trigg JK, Mbwana H, Chambo O, Hills E, Watkins W, Curtis CF, 1997. Resistance to pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine in Plasmodium falciparum in 12 villages in northeast Tanzania and a test of chlorproguanil/dapsone. Acta Tropica 63 :185–189.
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14
Ogutu RB, Smoak BL, Nduati RW, Mbori-Ngacha DA, Mwathe F, Shanks GD, 2000. The efficacy of pyrimethamine/ sulfadoxine (Fansidar) in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Kenyan children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :83–84.
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15
WHO, 2001. Antimalarial Drug Combination Therapy: Report of a WHO Technical Consultation. 4–5 April 2001. Geneva: WHO.
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16
Mutabingwa T, Nzila A, Mberu E, Nduati E, Winstanley P, Hills E, Watkins W, 2001. Chlorproguanil/dapsone for treatment of drug-resistant falciparum malaria in Tanzania. Lancet 358 :1218–1223.
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17
WHO, 2001. The Use of Antimalarial Drugs: Report of a WHO Informal Consultation. 13–17 November 2001. Geneva: WHO.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 227 | 206 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 439 | 2 | 0 |
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SURVEILLANCE OF IN VIVO RESISTANCE OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM TO ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS FROM 1992 TO 1999 IN MALABO (EQUATORIAL GUINEA)
JESÚS ROCHE
JESÚS ROCHE
Proyecto Control del Paludismo, Hospital Regional de Malabo, Equatorial Guinea; Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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ANA GUERRA-NEIRA
ANA GUERRA-NEIRA
Proyecto Control del Paludismo, Hospital Regional de Malabo, Equatorial Guinea; Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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JOSÉ RASO
JOSÉ RASO
Proyecto Control del Paludismo, Hospital Regional de Malabo, Equatorial Guinea; Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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AGUSTÍN BENITO
AGUSTÍN BENITO
Proyecto Control del Paludismo, Hospital Regional de Malabo, Equatorial Guinea; Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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From 1992–1999, we have assessed the therapeutic efficacy of three malaria treatment regimens (chloroquine 25 mg/kg over three days, pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine 1.25/25 mg/kg in one dose, and quinine 25–30 mg/kg daily in three oral doses over a four-, five-, or seven-day period) in 1,189 children under age 10 at Malabo Regional Hospital in Equatorial Guinea. Of those children, 958 were followed up clinically and parasitologically for 14 days. With chloroquine, the failure rate varied from 55% in 1996 to 40% in 1999; the early treatment failure rate increased progressively over the years, from 6% in 1992 to 30% in 1999. With pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine, the failure rate varied from 0% in 1996 to 16% in 1995. The short quinine treatment regimens used in 1992 and 1993 (4 and 5 days, respectively) resulted in significantly higher failure rates (19% and 22%, respectively) than the 7d regimen (3–5.5%). We conclude that: a) failure rates for chloroquine are in the change period (>25%), and urgent action is needed; b) pyrimethamine/ sulfadoxine failure rates are in the alert period (6–15%), and surveillance must be continued; and c) quinine failure rates are in the grace period (<6%), so quinine can be recommended.
Author Notes
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-
1
Villadary I, Paquet C, Hemelsdael E, Blanchard G, Saki ZM, 1997. In vivo drug sensitivity of P. falciparum in the Tabou region of Ivory Coast. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 90 :10–13.
-
2
Basco LK, Ringwald P, 1999. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Younde, Cameroon. IV. Evolution of pyrimethamine resistance between 1994 and 1998. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :802–806.
-
3
Falade CO, Salako LA, Sowinmi A, Odoula AM, Larcier P, 1997. Comparative efficacy of halofantrine, chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine for treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Nigerian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :58–62.
-
4
Parola P, Ali I, Djermakoye F, Crassard N, Bendavid C, Faugere B, Condomines P, 1999. Chloroquine sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum at the Gamkalley Clinic and the Nigerian armed forces PMI (Niamey, Niger). Bull Soc Pathol Exot 92 :317–319.
-
5
Wolday D, Kibreab T, Bukenya D, Hodes R, 1995. Sensitivity of P. falciparum in vivo to chloroquine and sulfadoxine/ pyrimethamine in Rwandan patients in a refugee camp in Zaire. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :654–656.
-
6
Guiguemde TR, Aouba A, Ouedraogo JB, Lamizana L, 1994. Ten-year surveillance of drug resistant malaria in Burkina Faso (1982–1991). Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :699–704.
-
7
Roche J, Ayecaba S, Amela C, Alvar J, Benito A, 1996. Epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Equatorial Guinea. Res Rev Parasitol 56 :99–104.
-
8
WHO, 1996. Assessment of therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial drugs for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in areas with intense transmission. WHO/MAL/96.1077.
-
10
Bloland PB, Kazembe PN, Oloo AJ, Himonga B, Barat LM, Ruebush TK, 1998. Chloroquine in Africa: critical assessment and recommendations for monitoring and evaluating chloroquine therapy efficacy in sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Int Health 7 :543–552.
-
11
Ekvall H, Premji Z, Bjorkman A, 1998. Chloroquine treatment for uncomplicated childhood malaria in an area with drug resistance: early treatment failure aggravates anemia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :556–560.
-
12
Bloland PB, Lackritz EM, Kazembe PN, Were JB, Steketee R, Campbell CC, 1993. Beyond chloroquine: implications of drug resistance for evaluating malaria therapy efficacy and treatment policy in Africa. J Infect Dis 167 :932–937.
-
13
Trigg JK, Mbwana H, Chambo O, Hills E, Watkins W, Curtis CF, 1997. Resistance to pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine in Plasmodium falciparum in 12 villages in northeast Tanzania and a test of chlorproguanil/dapsone. Acta Tropica 63 :185–189.
-
14
Ogutu RB, Smoak BL, Nduati RW, Mbori-Ngacha DA, Mwathe F, Shanks GD, 2000. The efficacy of pyrimethamine/ sulfadoxine (Fansidar) in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Kenyan children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :83–84.
-
15
WHO, 2001. Antimalarial Drug Combination Therapy: Report of a WHO Technical Consultation. 4–5 April 2001. Geneva: WHO.
-
16
Mutabingwa T, Nzila A, Mberu E, Nduati E, Winstanley P, Hills E, Watkins W, 2001. Chlorproguanil/dapsone for treatment of drug-resistant falciparum malaria in Tanzania. Lancet 358 :1218–1223.
-
17
WHO, 2001. The Use of Antimalarial Drugs: Report of a WHO Informal Consultation. 13–17 November 2001. Geneva: WHO.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 227 | 206 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 439 | 2 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 53 | 2 | 0 |