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-
1
Michael E, Bundy D, Grenfell D, 1996. Re-assessing the global prevalence and distribution of lymphatic filariasis. Parasitology 112 :409–428.
-
2
WHO, 1997. Lymphatic Filariasis: Reasons for Hope. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1–20.
-
3
Ottesen EA, Duke BO, Karam M, Behbehani K, 1997. Strategies and tools for the control/elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Bull World Health Organ 75 :491–503.
-
4
Sunny PJ, Jain DC, Sorrian TP, Ghosh TK, 1986. Factor influencing acceptance and non-acceptance to DEC in a Bancroftian endemic area. J Commun Dis 18 :317–319.
-
5
Fiftieth World Health Assembly Resolution WHA50.29, 1997. Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis as a Public Health Problem. Geneva: World Health Assembly.
-
6
Dean M, 2002. Towards the elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Lancet 359 :1677.
-
7
Dreyer G, Figueredo-Silva J, Neafie R, Addiss D, 1998. Lymphatic Filariasis. Nelson AM, Horsburgh CJ, eds. Pathology of Emerging Infections 2. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 317–342.
-
8
Ottesen EA, 1985. Efficacy of diethylcarbamazine in eradicating infection with lymphatic-dwelling filariae in humans. Rev Infect Dis 7 :341–356.
-
9
Ismail M, Jayakody RL, Weil G, Nirmalan N, Jayasinghe K, Abeyewickrema W, Rezvi Sheriff M, Rajaratnam H, Amarasekera N, de Silva D, Michalski M, Dissanaike A, 1998. Efficacy of single dose combinations of albendazole, ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine for the treatment of Bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :94–97.
-
10
Dreyer G, Pires M, de Andrade L, Lopes E, Medeiros Z, Tenorio J, Coutinho A, Noroes J, Figueredo-Silva J, 1994. Tolerance of diethylcarbamazine by microfilaraemic and amicrofilaraemic individuals in an endemic area of Bancroftian filariasis, Recife, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :232–236.
-
11
Richards FO Jr, Eberhard ML, Bryan RT, McNeeley DF, Lammie PJ, McNeeley MB, Bernard Y, Hightower AW, Spencer HC, 1991. Comparison of high dose ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine for activity against Bancroftian filariasis in Haiti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :3–10.
-
12
Addiss DG, Beach MJ, Streit TG, Lutwick S, LeConte FH, Lafontant JG, Hightower AW, Lammie PJ, 1997. Randomised placebo-controlled comparison of ivermectin and albendazole alone and in combination for Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia in Haitian children. Lancet 350 :480–484.
-
13
Noroes J, Addiss D, Santos A, Medeiros Z, Coutinho A, Dreyer G, 1996. Ultrasonographic evidence of abnormal lymphatic vessels in young men with adult Wuchereria bancrofti infection in the scrotal area. J Urol 156 :409–412.
-
14
Figueredo-Silva J, Jungmann P, Noroes J, Piessens WF, Coutinho A, Brito C, Rocha A, Dreyer G, 1996. Histological evidence for adulticidal effect of low doses of diethylcarbamazine in Bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :192–194.
-
15
Jayakody RL, de Silva CSS, Weerasinghe WMT, 1993. Treatment of Bancroftian filariasis with albendazole: evaluation of efficacy and adverse reactions. Trop Biomed 10 :19–24.
-
16
Ismail MM, Jayakody RL, Weil GJ, Fernando D, de Silva MS, de Silva GA, Balasooriya WK, 2001. Long-term efficacy of single-dose combinations of albendazole, ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine for the treatment of Bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :332–335.
-
17
Maher D, Ottesen EA, 2000. The global lymphatic filariasis initiative. Trop Doct 30 :178–179.
-
18
Lammie PJ, Addiss DG, Leonard G, Hightower AW, Eberhard ML, 1993. Heterogeneity in filarial-specific immune responsiveness among patients with lymphatic obstruction. J Infect Dis 167 :1178–1183.
-
19
Horton J, Witt C, Ottesen EA, Lazdins JK, Addiss DG, Awadzi K, Beach MJ, Belizario VY, Dunyo SK, Espinel M, Gyapong JO, Hossain M, Ismail MM, Jayakody RL, Lammie PJ, Makunde W, Richard-Lenoble D, Selve B, Shenoy RK, Simonsen PE, Wamae CN, Weerasooriya MV, 2000. An analysis of the safety of the single dose, two drug regimens used in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Parasitology 121 (Suppl):S147–S160.
-
20
Ottesen EA, Ismail MM, Horton J, 1999. The role of albendazole in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Parasitol Today 15 :382–386.
-
21
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Adams EJ, Kinoti SN, Pertet A, 1993. Physical fitness, growth and appetite of Kenyan school boys with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides infections are improved four months after a single dose of albendazole. J Nutr 123 :1036–1046.
-
22
Beach MJ, Streit TG, Addiss DG, Prospere R, Roberts JM, Lammie PJ, 1999. Assessment of combined ivermectin and albendazole for treatment of intestinal helminth and Wuchereria bancrofti infections in Haitian schoolchildren. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :479–486.
-
23
Noroes J, Dreyer G, Santos A, Mendes VG, Medeiros Z, Addiss D, 1997. Assessment of the efficacy of diethylcarbamazine on adult Wuchereria bancrofti in vivo. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :78–81.
-
24
Dreyer G, Noroes J, Amaral F, Nen A, Medeiros Z, Coutinho A, Addiss D, 1995. Direct assessment of the adulticidal efficacy of a single dose of ivermectin in Bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :441–443.
-
25
Dunyo SK, Nkrumah FK, Simonsen PE, 2000. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled field trial of ivermectin and albendazole alone and in combination for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis in Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :205–211.
-
26
Shenoy RK, Dalia S, John A, Suma TK, Kumaraswami V, 1999. Treatment of the microfilaraemia of asymptomatic brugian filariasis with single doses of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine or albendazole, in various combinations. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :643–651.
-
27
Leach FN, 1990. Management of threadworm infestation during pregnancy. Arch Dis Child 65 :399–400.
-
28
WHO, 1994. Report of the WHO Informal Consultation on Hookworm Infection and Anaemia in Girls and Women. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
29
Anonymous, 1994. A National Strategy and Broad Plan of Action for the Prevention and Control of Anaemia in Pregnancy. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Ministry of Health and Women’s Affairs.
-
30
de Silva NR, Sirisena JL, Gunasekera DP, Ismail MM, de Silva HJ, 1999. Effect of mebendazole therapy during pregnancy on birth outcome. Lancet 353 :1145–1149.
-
31
Bradley M, Horton J, 2001. Assessing the risk of benzimidazole therapy during pregnancy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :72–73.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 25 | 25 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 526 | 126 | 2 |
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FREQUENCY, SEVERITY, AND COSTS OF ADVERSE REACTIONS FOLLOWING MASS TREATMENT FOR LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS USING DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE AND ALBENDAZOLE IN LEOGANE, HAITI, 2000
STEVEN I. McLAUGHLIN
STEVEN I. McLAUGHLIN
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Hopital Sainte Croix, Leogane, Haiti; Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina; Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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JEANNE RADDAY
JEANNE RADDAY
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Hopital Sainte Croix, Leogane, Haiti; Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina; Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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MARIE CARMEL MICHEL
MARIE CARMEL MICHEL
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Hopital Sainte Croix, Leogane, Haiti; Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina; Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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DAVID G. ADDISS
DAVID G. ADDISS
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Hopital Sainte Croix, Leogane, Haiti; Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina; Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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MICHAEL J. BEACH
MICHAEL J. BEACH
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Hopital Sainte Croix, Leogane, Haiti; Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina; Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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PATRICK J. LAMMIE
PATRICK J. LAMMIE
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Hopital Sainte Croix, Leogane, Haiti; Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina; Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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JOHN LAMMIE
JOHN LAMMIE
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Hopital Sainte Croix, Leogane, Haiti; Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina; Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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RICHARD RHEINGANS
RICHARD RHEINGANS
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Hopital Sainte Croix, Leogane, Haiti; Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina; Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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JACK LAFONTANT
JACK LAFONTANT
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Hopital Sainte Croix, Leogane, Haiti; Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina; Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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In October 2000, 71,187 persons were treated for lymphatic filariasis using albendazole and diethylcar-bamazine (DEC) or DEC alone in Leogane, Haiti. We documented the frequency of adverse reactions, severity and cost of treatment. Adverse reactions were classified as minor, moderate, or severe. Overall, 24% (17,421) of the treated persons reported one or more adverse reactions. There were 15,916 (91%) minor and 1502 (9%) moderate adverse reaction reports. Men outnumbered women 2:1 in reporting moderate problems. Three patients, representing roughly one in 25,000 persons treated, were hospitalized with severe adverse reactions judged to be treatment-associated by physician review. The cost per person treated for adverse reactions was more than twice the cost per person treated for lymphatic filariasis ($1.60 versus $0.71). Severe adverse reactions to lymphatic filariasis treatment using DEC with or without albendazole are uncommon. Minor and moderate reactions are more commonly reported and their management represents a challenge to lymphatic filariasis elimination programs.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Michael E, Bundy D, Grenfell D, 1996. Re-assessing the global prevalence and distribution of lymphatic filariasis. Parasitology 112 :409–428.
-
2
WHO, 1997. Lymphatic Filariasis: Reasons for Hope. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1–20.
-
3
Ottesen EA, Duke BO, Karam M, Behbehani K, 1997. Strategies and tools for the control/elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Bull World Health Organ 75 :491–503.
-
4
Sunny PJ, Jain DC, Sorrian TP, Ghosh TK, 1986. Factor influencing acceptance and non-acceptance to DEC in a Bancroftian endemic area. J Commun Dis 18 :317–319.
-
5
Fiftieth World Health Assembly Resolution WHA50.29, 1997. Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis as a Public Health Problem. Geneva: World Health Assembly.
-
6
Dean M, 2002. Towards the elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Lancet 359 :1677.
-
7
Dreyer G, Figueredo-Silva J, Neafie R, Addiss D, 1998. Lymphatic Filariasis. Nelson AM, Horsburgh CJ, eds. Pathology of Emerging Infections 2. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 317–342.
-
8
Ottesen EA, 1985. Efficacy of diethylcarbamazine in eradicating infection with lymphatic-dwelling filariae in humans. Rev Infect Dis 7 :341–356.
-
9
Ismail M, Jayakody RL, Weil G, Nirmalan N, Jayasinghe K, Abeyewickrema W, Rezvi Sheriff M, Rajaratnam H, Amarasekera N, de Silva D, Michalski M, Dissanaike A, 1998. Efficacy of single dose combinations of albendazole, ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine for the treatment of Bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :94–97.
-
10
Dreyer G, Pires M, de Andrade L, Lopes E, Medeiros Z, Tenorio J, Coutinho A, Noroes J, Figueredo-Silva J, 1994. Tolerance of diethylcarbamazine by microfilaraemic and amicrofilaraemic individuals in an endemic area of Bancroftian filariasis, Recife, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :232–236.
-
11
Richards FO Jr, Eberhard ML, Bryan RT, McNeeley DF, Lammie PJ, McNeeley MB, Bernard Y, Hightower AW, Spencer HC, 1991. Comparison of high dose ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine for activity against Bancroftian filariasis in Haiti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :3–10.
-
12
Addiss DG, Beach MJ, Streit TG, Lutwick S, LeConte FH, Lafontant JG, Hightower AW, Lammie PJ, 1997. Randomised placebo-controlled comparison of ivermectin and albendazole alone and in combination for Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia in Haitian children. Lancet 350 :480–484.
-
13
Noroes J, Addiss D, Santos A, Medeiros Z, Coutinho A, Dreyer G, 1996. Ultrasonographic evidence of abnormal lymphatic vessels in young men with adult Wuchereria bancrofti infection in the scrotal area. J Urol 156 :409–412.
-
14
Figueredo-Silva J, Jungmann P, Noroes J, Piessens WF, Coutinho A, Brito C, Rocha A, Dreyer G, 1996. Histological evidence for adulticidal effect of low doses of diethylcarbamazine in Bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :192–194.
-
15
Jayakody RL, de Silva CSS, Weerasinghe WMT, 1993. Treatment of Bancroftian filariasis with albendazole: evaluation of efficacy and adverse reactions. Trop Biomed 10 :19–24.
-
16
Ismail MM, Jayakody RL, Weil GJ, Fernando D, de Silva MS, de Silva GA, Balasooriya WK, 2001. Long-term efficacy of single-dose combinations of albendazole, ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine for the treatment of Bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :332–335.
-
17
Maher D, Ottesen EA, 2000. The global lymphatic filariasis initiative. Trop Doct 30 :178–179.
-
18
Lammie PJ, Addiss DG, Leonard G, Hightower AW, Eberhard ML, 1993. Heterogeneity in filarial-specific immune responsiveness among patients with lymphatic obstruction. J Infect Dis 167 :1178–1183.
-
19
Horton J, Witt C, Ottesen EA, Lazdins JK, Addiss DG, Awadzi K, Beach MJ, Belizario VY, Dunyo SK, Espinel M, Gyapong JO, Hossain M, Ismail MM, Jayakody RL, Lammie PJ, Makunde W, Richard-Lenoble D, Selve B, Shenoy RK, Simonsen PE, Wamae CN, Weerasooriya MV, 2000. An analysis of the safety of the single dose, two drug regimens used in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Parasitology 121 (Suppl):S147–S160.
-
20
Ottesen EA, Ismail MM, Horton J, 1999. The role of albendazole in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Parasitol Today 15 :382–386.
-
21
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Adams EJ, Kinoti SN, Pertet A, 1993. Physical fitness, growth and appetite of Kenyan school boys with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides infections are improved four months after a single dose of albendazole. J Nutr 123 :1036–1046.
-
22
Beach MJ, Streit TG, Addiss DG, Prospere R, Roberts JM, Lammie PJ, 1999. Assessment of combined ivermectin and albendazole for treatment of intestinal helminth and Wuchereria bancrofti infections in Haitian schoolchildren. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :479–486.
-
23
Noroes J, Dreyer G, Santos A, Mendes VG, Medeiros Z, Addiss D, 1997. Assessment of the efficacy of diethylcarbamazine on adult Wuchereria bancrofti in vivo. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :78–81.
-
24
Dreyer G, Noroes J, Amaral F, Nen A, Medeiros Z, Coutinho A, Addiss D, 1995. Direct assessment of the adulticidal efficacy of a single dose of ivermectin in Bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :441–443.
-
25
Dunyo SK, Nkrumah FK, Simonsen PE, 2000. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled field trial of ivermectin and albendazole alone and in combination for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis in Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :205–211.
-
26
Shenoy RK, Dalia S, John A, Suma TK, Kumaraswami V, 1999. Treatment of the microfilaraemia of asymptomatic brugian filariasis with single doses of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine or albendazole, in various combinations. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :643–651.
-
27
Leach FN, 1990. Management of threadworm infestation during pregnancy. Arch Dis Child 65 :399–400.
-
28
WHO, 1994. Report of the WHO Informal Consultation on Hookworm Infection and Anaemia in Girls and Women. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
29
Anonymous, 1994. A National Strategy and Broad Plan of Action for the Prevention and Control of Anaemia in Pregnancy. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Ministry of Health and Women’s Affairs.
-
30
de Silva NR, Sirisena JL, Gunasekera DP, Ismail MM, de Silva HJ, 1999. Effect of mebendazole therapy during pregnancy on birth outcome. Lancet 353 :1145–1149.
-
31
Bradley M, Horton J, 2001. Assessing the risk of benzimidazole therapy during pregnancy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :72–73.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 25 | 25 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 526 | 126 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 121 | 40 | 0 |