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-
1
Pijper A, 1934. Tick-bite fever. S Afr Med J 8 :551–556.
-
2
Pijper A, 1936. Etude experimentale comparee de la Fievre boutonneuse et de la Tick-Bite-Fever. Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis 25 :388–401.
-
3
Gear J, Bevan C, 1936. An outbreak of tick-bite fever. S Afr Med J 10 :485–488.
-
4
Gear J, 1939. Complications in tick-bite fever. A survey of fifty cases. S Afr Med J 13 :35–38.
-
5
Kelly P, Mason P, 1990. Serological typing of spotted fever group rickettsia isolates from Zimbabwe. J Clin Microbiol 28 :2302–2304.
-
6
Burgdorfer W, Ormsbee R, Schmidt M, Hoogstraal H, 1973. A search for the epidemic typhus agent in Ethiopian ticks. Bull World Health Organ 48 :563–569.
-
7
Kelly P, Matthewman L, Beati L, Raoult D, Mason P, Dreary M, Makombe R, 1992. African tick-bite fever - a new spotted fever group rickettsiosis under an old name. Lancet 340 :982–983.
-
8
Kelly P, Mason P, Matthewman L, Raoult D, 1991. Seroepidemiology of spotted fever group rickettsial infections in humans in Zimbabwe. J Trop Med Hyg 94 :304–309.
-
9
Kelly P, Beati L, Mason P, Matthewman L, Roux V, Raoult D, 1996. Rickettsia africae sp nov, the etiological agent of African tick bite fever. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46 :611–614.
-
10
Brouqui P, Tissot-Dupont H, Drancourt M, Bourgeade A, Raoult D, 1992. Spotless boutonneuse fever. Clin Infect Dis 14 :114–116.
-
11
Brouqui P, Harle J, Delmont J, Frances C, Weiller P, Raoult D, 1997. African tickbite fever: an imported spotless rickettsiosis. Arch Intern Med 157 :119–124.
-
12
Regnery RL, Spruill CL, Plikaytis BD, 1991. Genotypic identification of rickettsiae and estimation of intraspecies sequence divergence for portions of two rickettsial genes. J Bacteriol 173 :1576–1589.
-
13
Roux V, Fournier P, Raoult D, 1996. Differentiation of spotted fever group rickettsiae by sequencing and analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR-amplified DNA of the gene encoding the protein rompA. J Clin Microbiol 34 :2058–2065.
-
14
Parole P, Inokuma H, Camicas JL, Brouqui P, Raoult D, 2001. Detection and identification of spotted fever group rickettsiae and Ehrlichiae in African ticks. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :1014–1017.
-
15
Fournier P, Rou4x V, Caumes E, Donzel M, Raoult D, 1998. Outbreak of Rickettsia africae infections in participants of an adventure race in South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 27 :316–323.
-
16
Raoult D, Fournier PE, Fenollar F, Jensenius M, Prioe T, de Pina JJ, Caruso G, Jones N, Laferl H, Rosenblatt JE, Marrie TJ, 2001. Rickettsia africae, a tick-borne pathogen in travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. N Engl J Med 344 :1504–1510.
-
17
Raoult D, Roux V, 1997. Rickettsioses as paradigms of a new or emerging infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 10 :694–719.
-
18
Smoak BL, McClain JB, Brundage JF, Broadhurst L, Kelly DJ, Dasch GA, Miller RN, 1996. An outbreak of spotted fever rickettsiosis in U.S. Army troops deployed to Botswana. Emerg Infect Dis 2 :217–221.
-
19
Jensenius M, Hoel T, Raoult D, Fournier PE, Kjelshus H, Bruu AL, Myrvang B, 2002. Seroepidemiology of Rickettsia africae infection in Norwegian travelers to rural Africa. Scand J Infect Dis 34 :93–96.
-
20
Tissot-Dupont H, Cornet JP, Raoult D, 1994. Identification of rickettsiae from ticks collected in the Central African Republic using the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :373–380.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 334 | 261 | 21 |
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SPOTTED FEVER GROUP RICKETTSIAE IN TICKS FROM THE MASAI MARA REGION OF KENYA
KEVIN R. MACALUSO
KEVIN R. MACALUSO
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit, Nairobi, Kenya
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JON DAVIS
JON DAVIS
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit, Nairobi, Kenya
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UZMA ALAM
UZMA ALAM
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit, Nairobi, Kenya
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AMY KORMAN
AMY KORMAN
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit, Nairobi, Kenya
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JEREMIAH S. RUTHERFORD
JEREMIAH S. RUTHERFORD
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit, Nairobi, Kenya
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RONALD ROSENBERG
RONALD ROSENBERG
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit, Nairobi, Kenya
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ABDU F. AZAD
ABDU F. AZAD
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit, Nairobi, Kenya
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We have identified for the first time Rickettsia africae, and the ticks that harbored them, in Kenya. A total of 5,325 ticks were collected from vegetation, livestock, and wild animals during two field trips to southwestern Kenya. Most were immature forms (85.2%) belonging to the genera Amblyomma or Rhipicephalus. The adults also included representatives from the genus Boophilus. Ticks were assessed for rickettsial DNA by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers for the spotted fever group (SFG)–specific rickettsial outer membrane protein A (rompA) gene, and positive amplicons were sequenced. While none of the immature ticks tested positive by PCR, 15.8% of the adult Amblyomma variegatum and less than 1% of the Rhipicephalus spp. were SFG positive. Sequences of amplified products were identified as R. africae. These findings extend the known range of R. africae.
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-
1
Pijper A, 1934. Tick-bite fever. S Afr Med J 8 :551–556.
-
2
Pijper A, 1936. Etude experimentale comparee de la Fievre boutonneuse et de la Tick-Bite-Fever. Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis 25 :388–401.
-
3
Gear J, Bevan C, 1936. An outbreak of tick-bite fever. S Afr Med J 10 :485–488.
-
4
Gear J, 1939. Complications in tick-bite fever. A survey of fifty cases. S Afr Med J 13 :35–38.
-
5
Kelly P, Mason P, 1990. Serological typing of spotted fever group rickettsia isolates from Zimbabwe. J Clin Microbiol 28 :2302–2304.
-
6
Burgdorfer W, Ormsbee R, Schmidt M, Hoogstraal H, 1973. A search for the epidemic typhus agent in Ethiopian ticks. Bull World Health Organ 48 :563–569.
-
7
Kelly P, Matthewman L, Beati L, Raoult D, Mason P, Dreary M, Makombe R, 1992. African tick-bite fever - a new spotted fever group rickettsiosis under an old name. Lancet 340 :982–983.
-
8
Kelly P, Mason P, Matthewman L, Raoult D, 1991. Seroepidemiology of spotted fever group rickettsial infections in humans in Zimbabwe. J Trop Med Hyg 94 :304–309.
-
9
Kelly P, Beati L, Mason P, Matthewman L, Roux V, Raoult D, 1996. Rickettsia africae sp nov, the etiological agent of African tick bite fever. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46 :611–614.
-
10
Brouqui P, Tissot-Dupont H, Drancourt M, Bourgeade A, Raoult D, 1992. Spotless boutonneuse fever. Clin Infect Dis 14 :114–116.
-
11
Brouqui P, Harle J, Delmont J, Frances C, Weiller P, Raoult D, 1997. African tickbite fever: an imported spotless rickettsiosis. Arch Intern Med 157 :119–124.
-
12
Regnery RL, Spruill CL, Plikaytis BD, 1991. Genotypic identification of rickettsiae and estimation of intraspecies sequence divergence for portions of two rickettsial genes. J Bacteriol 173 :1576–1589.
-
13
Roux V, Fournier P, Raoult D, 1996. Differentiation of spotted fever group rickettsiae by sequencing and analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR-amplified DNA of the gene encoding the protein rompA. J Clin Microbiol 34 :2058–2065.
-
14
Parole P, Inokuma H, Camicas JL, Brouqui P, Raoult D, 2001. Detection and identification of spotted fever group rickettsiae and Ehrlichiae in African ticks. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :1014–1017.
-
15
Fournier P, Rou4x V, Caumes E, Donzel M, Raoult D, 1998. Outbreak of Rickettsia africae infections in participants of an adventure race in South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 27 :316–323.
-
16
Raoult D, Fournier PE, Fenollar F, Jensenius M, Prioe T, de Pina JJ, Caruso G, Jones N, Laferl H, Rosenblatt JE, Marrie TJ, 2001. Rickettsia africae, a tick-borne pathogen in travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. N Engl J Med 344 :1504–1510.
-
17
Raoult D, Roux V, 1997. Rickettsioses as paradigms of a new or emerging infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 10 :694–719.
-
18
Smoak BL, McClain JB, Brundage JF, Broadhurst L, Kelly DJ, Dasch GA, Miller RN, 1996. An outbreak of spotted fever rickettsiosis in U.S. Army troops deployed to Botswana. Emerg Infect Dis 2 :217–221.
-
19
Jensenius M, Hoel T, Raoult D, Fournier PE, Kjelshus H, Bruu AL, Myrvang B, 2002. Seroepidemiology of Rickettsia africae infection in Norwegian travelers to rural Africa. Scand J Infect Dis 34 :93–96.
-
20
Tissot-Dupont H, Cornet JP, Raoult D, 1994. Identification of rickettsiae from ticks collected in the Central African Republic using the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :373–380.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 334 | 261 | 21 |
| Full Text Views | 425 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 118 | 5 | 0 |