Grimaldi G Jr, Tesh RB, MacMahon-Pratt A, 1989. A review of the geographic distribution and epidemiology of leishmaniasis in the New World. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41 :687–725.
Amato VS, Boulos MI, Amato-Neto V, Filomeno LT, 1995. The use of a silicone T tube for the treatment of a case of American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis with tracheomalacia. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 28 :129–130.
Carvalho EM, Johnson WD, Barreto E, Marsden PD, Costa JML, Reed S, Rocha H, 1985. Cell mediated immunity in American cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis. J Immunol 135 :4144–4148.
Beutler B, Cerami A, 1989. The biology of cachectin/TNF – a primary mediator of the host response. Ann Rev Immunol 7 :625–655.
Barnes PF, Chatterjee D, Brennan PJ, Rea TH, Modlin RL, 1992. Tumor necrosis factor production in patients with leprosy. Infect Immun 60 :1441–1446.
Castes M, Trujillo D, Rojas ME, Fernandez CT, Araya L, Cabrera M, Blackwell J, Convit J, 1993. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor in patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Biol Res 26 :233–238.
da-Cruz AM, Oliveira MP, De Luca PM, Mendonça SCF, Coutinho SG, 1996. Tumor necrosis factor-α in human American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 91 :225–229.
Ribeiro-de-Jesus A, Almeida RP, Lessa H, Bacellar O, Carvalho EM, 1998. Cytokine profile and pathology in human leishmaniasis. Braz J Med Biol Res 31 :143–148.
Cabrera M, Shaw MA, Sharples C, Williams H, Castes M, Convit J, Blackwell JM, 1995. Polymorphism in tumor necrosis factor genes associated with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. J Exp Med 182 :1259–1264.
Silva TMC, Barral A, Pompeu MML, Costa J, Lessa H, Carvalho EM, Freitas LAR, 1998. In situ inflammatory-immune response in human tegumentary leishmaniasis: morphologic evidence for a pathogenic role TNF-α. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 93 (Suppl 2):49–50.
d’Oliveira A Jr, Machado P, Bacellar O, Cheng LH, Almeida RP, Carvalho EM, 2002. Evaluation of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha as immunological markers of clinical outcome in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 35 :7–10.
Lessa HA, Machado P, Lima F, Cruz AA, Bacellar O, Guerreiro J, Carvalho EM, 2001. Successful treatment of refractory mucosal leishmaniasis with pentoxifylline plus antimony. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :87–89.
Schubach A, Haddad F, Neto MPO, Degrave W, Pirmez C, Grimaldi G Jr, Fernandes O, 1998. Detection of Leishmania DNA by polymerase chain reaction in scars of treated human patients. J Infect Dis 178 :911–914.
Marsden PD, 1994. Mucosal leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis L(V)b in Três Braços, Bahia-Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 27 :93–101.
Pearson RD, Sousa AQ, 1996. Clinical spectrum of leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis 22 :1–13.
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Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) is a disease characterized by intense activation of inflammatory cells and extensive tissue destruction. Among the cytokines involved in the immune response to ML, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) has attracted strong interest because of its roles in the modulation of the immune response. We studied 20 patients with ML who provided biopsy specimens before treatment and after lesion healing obtained by specific therapy. The biopsy specimens were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for in situ quantification of cellular and extra-cellular TNF-α. The amount of TNF-α was significantly lower in the healed lesions compared with pretreatment biopsy specimens, although TNF-α persisted at the tissue level even after lesion healing. This relevant finding demonstrates for the first time an in situ tissue reduction of TNF-α after treatment and shows persistence of TNF-α in healed lesions may be related to the maintenance of an immunopathologic background for relapses observed in ML.
Grimaldi G Jr, Tesh RB, MacMahon-Pratt A, 1989. A review of the geographic distribution and epidemiology of leishmaniasis in the New World. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41 :687–725.
Amato VS, Boulos MI, Amato-Neto V, Filomeno LT, 1995. The use of a silicone T tube for the treatment of a case of American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis with tracheomalacia. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 28 :129–130.
Carvalho EM, Johnson WD, Barreto E, Marsden PD, Costa JML, Reed S, Rocha H, 1985. Cell mediated immunity in American cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis. J Immunol 135 :4144–4148.
Beutler B, Cerami A, 1989. The biology of cachectin/TNF – a primary mediator of the host response. Ann Rev Immunol 7 :625–655.
Barnes PF, Chatterjee D, Brennan PJ, Rea TH, Modlin RL, 1992. Tumor necrosis factor production in patients with leprosy. Infect Immun 60 :1441–1446.
Castes M, Trujillo D, Rojas ME, Fernandez CT, Araya L, Cabrera M, Blackwell J, Convit J, 1993. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor in patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Biol Res 26 :233–238.
da-Cruz AM, Oliveira MP, De Luca PM, Mendonça SCF, Coutinho SG, 1996. Tumor necrosis factor-α in human American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 91 :225–229.
Ribeiro-de-Jesus A, Almeida RP, Lessa H, Bacellar O, Carvalho EM, 1998. Cytokine profile and pathology in human leishmaniasis. Braz J Med Biol Res 31 :143–148.
Cabrera M, Shaw MA, Sharples C, Williams H, Castes M, Convit J, Blackwell JM, 1995. Polymorphism in tumor necrosis factor genes associated with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. J Exp Med 182 :1259–1264.
Silva TMC, Barral A, Pompeu MML, Costa J, Lessa H, Carvalho EM, Freitas LAR, 1998. In situ inflammatory-immune response in human tegumentary leishmaniasis: morphologic evidence for a pathogenic role TNF-α. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 93 (Suppl 2):49–50.
d’Oliveira A Jr, Machado P, Bacellar O, Cheng LH, Almeida RP, Carvalho EM, 2002. Evaluation of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha as immunological markers of clinical outcome in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 35 :7–10.
Lessa HA, Machado P, Lima F, Cruz AA, Bacellar O, Guerreiro J, Carvalho EM, 2001. Successful treatment of refractory mucosal leishmaniasis with pentoxifylline plus antimony. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :87–89.
Schubach A, Haddad F, Neto MPO, Degrave W, Pirmez C, Grimaldi G Jr, Fernandes O, 1998. Detection of Leishmania DNA by polymerase chain reaction in scars of treated human patients. J Infect Dis 178 :911–914.
Marsden PD, 1994. Mucosal leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis L(V)b in Três Braços, Bahia-Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 27 :93–101.
Pearson RD, Sousa AQ, 1996. Clinical spectrum of leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis 22 :1–13.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 187 | 154 | 15 |
Full Text Views | 355 | 2 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 50 | 3 | 0 |