ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
ACC/SCN, 2000. Fourth Report on the World Nutrition Situation. Geneva: ACC/SCN in collaboration with IFPRI.
-
2
WHO, 1995. Physical Status: The Use of and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
3
ACC/SCN, 2000. Africa Nutrition Database Initiative Website. New York: United Nations-ACC/SCN, Sub-Committee on Nutrition.
-
4
National Council for Population and Development, 1998. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 1998. Calverton, MD: Central Bureau of Statistics, Office of the Vice President and Ministery of Planning and National Development, Kenya, and Macro International, Inc.
-
5
McElroy PD, ter Kuile FO, Hightower AW, Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard PA, Oloo AJ, Lal AA, Nahlen BL, 2001. All-cause mortality among young children in western Kenya. VI: the Asembo Bay Cohort Project. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :18–27.
-
6
Aidoo M, Terlouw DJ, Kolczak MS, McElroy PD, ter Kuile FO, Kariuki S, Nahlen BL, Lal AA, Udhayakumar V, 2002. Protective effects of the sickle cell gene against malaria morbidity and mortality. Lancet 359 :1311–1312.
-
7
Hallberg L, 2001. Perspectives on nutritional iron deficiency. Annu Rev Nutr 21 :1–21.
-
8
Spira R, Lepage P, Msellati P, Van De Perre P, Leroy V, Simonon A, Karita E, Dabis F, 1999. Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in children: a five-year prospective study in Rwanda. Mother-to-Child HIV-1 Transmission Study Group. Pediatrics 104 :e56.
-
9
Taha TE, Graham SM, Kumwenda NI, Broadhead RL, Hoover DR, Markakis D, van der Hoeven L, Liomba GN, Chiphangwi JD, Miotti PG, 2000. Morbidity among human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected and -uninfected African children. Pediatrics 106 :E77.
-
10
ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Phillips-Howard PA, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Kolczak MS, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kwena AM, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria and all-cause morbidity in young children in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya: Cross-sectional survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):100–107.
-
11
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Terlouw DJ, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Lal AA, Schoute E, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya. I: Development of infrastructure and description of study site. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):3–9.
-
12
Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Kolczak MS, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya. II: Study design and methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):10–15.
-
13
Bloland PB, Ruebush TK, McCormick JB, Ayisi J, Boriga DA, Oloo AJ, Beach R, Hawley W, Lal A, Nahlen B, Udhayakumar V, Campbell CC, 1999. Longitudinal cohort study of the epidemiology of malaria infections in an area of intense malaria transmission I. Description of study site, general methodology, and study population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :635–640.
-
14
Beier JC, Oster CN, Onyango FK, Bales JD, Sherwood JA, Perkins PV, Chumo DK, Koech DV, Whitmire RE, Roberts CR, 1994. Plasmodium falciparum incidence relative to entomologic inoculation rates at a site proposed for testing malaria vaccines in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :529–536.
-
15
De Cock KM, Fowler MG, Mercier E, de Vincenzi I, Saba J, Hoff E, Alnwick DJ, Rogers M, Shaffer N, 2000. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research into policy and practice. JAMA 283 :1175–1182.
-
16
United Nations, 1986. Summary procedures how to weigh and measure children. Assessing the nutritional status of young children in household surveys. New York: United Nations, 1–11.
-
17
Hautvast JLA, Tolboom JJM, Kafwembe EM, Musonda RM, Mwanakasale V, Staveren WA, van’t Haf MA, Sauerwein RW, Willems JL, Monnens LAH, 2000. Severe linear growth retardation in Zambian children: the influence of biological variables. Am J Clin Nutr 71 :550–559.
-
18
Hamill PVV, Drizd TA, Johnson CL, Reed RB, Roche AF, Moore WM, 1979. Physical growth: National Center for Health Statistics percentiles. Am J Clin Nutr 32 :607–629.
-
19
Waterlow JC, 1992. Protein-Energy Malnutrition. London: Ed-ward Arnold Publishers.
-
20
Ngare DK, Muttunga JN, 1999. Prevalence of malnutrition in Kenya. East Afr Med J 7 :376–380.
-
21
Pelletier D, Frongillo EA Jr, Habicht J-P, 1993. Epidemiologic evidence for a potentiating effect of malnutrition on child mortality. Am J Public Health 83 :1130–1133.
-
22
Cohen DW, Atieno-Odhiambo ES, 1989. Siaya: The Historical Anthropology of an African Landscape. London: James Currey, Ltd.
-
23
ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Phillips-Howard PA, Mirel LB, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Shi YP, Kolczak MS, Lal AA, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria, anemia, and growth in infants in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):68–77.
-
24
Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Vulule JM, Ombok M, Nahlen BL, Gimnig JE, Kariuki SK, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, 2003. Community-wide effects of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and malaria morbidity in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):121–127.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1416 | 1302 | 316 |
| Full Text Views | 587 | 18 | 7 |
| PDF Downloads | 137 | 8 | 0 |
PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY OF MALNUTRITION IN PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN IN A RURAL AREA OF WESTERN KENYA
ARTHUR M. KWENA
ARTHUR M. KWENA
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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DIANNE J. TERLOUW
DIANNE J. TERLOUW
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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SAKE J. DE VLAS
SAKE J. DE VLAS
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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PENELOPE A. PHILLIPS-HOWARD
PENELOPE A. PHILLIPS-HOWARD
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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WILLIAM A. HAWLEY
WILLIAM A. HAWLEY
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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JENNIFER F. FRIEDMAN
JENNIFER F. FRIEDMAN
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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JOHN M. VULULE
JOHN M. VULULE
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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BERNARD L. NAHLEN
BERNARD L. NAHLEN
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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ROBERT W. SAUERWEIN
ROBERT W. SAUERWEIN
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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FEIKO O. TER KUILE
FEIKO O. TER KUILE
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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We determined the nutritional status of children less than five years of age in an area in rural western Kenya with intense malaria transmission, a high prevalence of severe anemia and human immunodeficiency virus, and high infant and under-five mortality (176/1,000 and 259/1,000). No information is available on the prevalence of malnutrition in this area. Three cross-sectional surveys were conducted between 1996 and 1998 to monitor the effect of insecticide-treated bed nets on child morbidity. Anthropometric indices are presented for 2,103 children collected prior to and during intervention (controls only). The prevalence of stunting (Z-scores for height-for-age [HAZ] <−2), wasting (Z-scores for weight-for-height [WHZ] <−2) and being underweight (Z-scores for weight-for-age [WAZ] <−2) was 30%, 4%, and 20%, respectively. This was severe (Z-score <−3) in 12% (stunting), 1% (wasting), and 5% (underweight) of the children. Few children less than three months of age were malnourished (<2%), but height-for-age and weight-for-age deficits increased rapidly in children 3–18 months of age, and were greatest in children 18–23 months old (44% stunted and 34% underweight). While the mean HAZ and WAZ stabilized from 24 months of age onwards, they still remained substantially below the reference median with no evidence of catch-up growth. Malnutrition is likely to interact with infectious diseases, placing children 3–24 months of age at high risk of premature death in this area.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
ACC/SCN, 2000. Fourth Report on the World Nutrition Situation. Geneva: ACC/SCN in collaboration with IFPRI.
-
2
WHO, 1995. Physical Status: The Use of and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
3
ACC/SCN, 2000. Africa Nutrition Database Initiative Website. New York: United Nations-ACC/SCN, Sub-Committee on Nutrition.
-
4
National Council for Population and Development, 1998. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 1998. Calverton, MD: Central Bureau of Statistics, Office of the Vice President and Ministery of Planning and National Development, Kenya, and Macro International, Inc.
-
5
McElroy PD, ter Kuile FO, Hightower AW, Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard PA, Oloo AJ, Lal AA, Nahlen BL, 2001. All-cause mortality among young children in western Kenya. VI: the Asembo Bay Cohort Project. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :18–27.
-
6
Aidoo M, Terlouw DJ, Kolczak MS, McElroy PD, ter Kuile FO, Kariuki S, Nahlen BL, Lal AA, Udhayakumar V, 2002. Protective effects of the sickle cell gene against malaria morbidity and mortality. Lancet 359 :1311–1312.
-
7
Hallberg L, 2001. Perspectives on nutritional iron deficiency. Annu Rev Nutr 21 :1–21.
-
8
Spira R, Lepage P, Msellati P, Van De Perre P, Leroy V, Simonon A, Karita E, Dabis F, 1999. Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in children: a five-year prospective study in Rwanda. Mother-to-Child HIV-1 Transmission Study Group. Pediatrics 104 :e56.
-
9
Taha TE, Graham SM, Kumwenda NI, Broadhead RL, Hoover DR, Markakis D, van der Hoeven L, Liomba GN, Chiphangwi JD, Miotti PG, 2000. Morbidity among human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected and -uninfected African children. Pediatrics 106 :E77.
-
10
ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Phillips-Howard PA, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Kolczak MS, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kwena AM, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria and all-cause morbidity in young children in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya: Cross-sectional survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):100–107.
-
11
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Terlouw DJ, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Lal AA, Schoute E, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya. I: Development of infrastructure and description of study site. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):3–9.
-
12
Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Kolczak MS, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya. II: Study design and methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):10–15.
-
13
Bloland PB, Ruebush TK, McCormick JB, Ayisi J, Boriga DA, Oloo AJ, Beach R, Hawley W, Lal A, Nahlen B, Udhayakumar V, Campbell CC, 1999. Longitudinal cohort study of the epidemiology of malaria infections in an area of intense malaria transmission I. Description of study site, general methodology, and study population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :635–640.
-
14
Beier JC, Oster CN, Onyango FK, Bales JD, Sherwood JA, Perkins PV, Chumo DK, Koech DV, Whitmire RE, Roberts CR, 1994. Plasmodium falciparum incidence relative to entomologic inoculation rates at a site proposed for testing malaria vaccines in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :529–536.
-
15
De Cock KM, Fowler MG, Mercier E, de Vincenzi I, Saba J, Hoff E, Alnwick DJ, Rogers M, Shaffer N, 2000. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research into policy and practice. JAMA 283 :1175–1182.
-
16
United Nations, 1986. Summary procedures how to weigh and measure children. Assessing the nutritional status of young children in household surveys. New York: United Nations, 1–11.
-
17
Hautvast JLA, Tolboom JJM, Kafwembe EM, Musonda RM, Mwanakasale V, Staveren WA, van’t Haf MA, Sauerwein RW, Willems JL, Monnens LAH, 2000. Severe linear growth retardation in Zambian children: the influence of biological variables. Am J Clin Nutr 71 :550–559.
-
18
Hamill PVV, Drizd TA, Johnson CL, Reed RB, Roche AF, Moore WM, 1979. Physical growth: National Center for Health Statistics percentiles. Am J Clin Nutr 32 :607–629.
-
19
Waterlow JC, 1992. Protein-Energy Malnutrition. London: Ed-ward Arnold Publishers.
-
20
Ngare DK, Muttunga JN, 1999. Prevalence of malnutrition in Kenya. East Afr Med J 7 :376–380.
-
21
Pelletier D, Frongillo EA Jr, Habicht J-P, 1993. Epidemiologic evidence for a potentiating effect of malnutrition on child mortality. Am J Public Health 83 :1130–1133.
-
22
Cohen DW, Atieno-Odhiambo ES, 1989. Siaya: The Historical Anthropology of an African Landscape. London: James Currey, Ltd.
-
23
ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Phillips-Howard PA, Mirel LB, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Shi YP, Kolczak MS, Lal AA, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria, anemia, and growth in infants in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):68–77.
-
24
Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Vulule JM, Ombok M, Nahlen BL, Gimnig JE, Kariuki SK, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, 2003. Community-wide effects of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and malaria morbidity in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):121–127.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1416 | 1302 | 316 |
| Full Text Views | 587 | 18 | 7 |
| PDF Downloads | 137 | 8 | 0 |