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1
Snow R, Craig M, Deichmann U, Marsh K, 1999. Estimating mortality, morbidity and disability due to malaria among Africa’s non-pregnant population. Bull World Health Organ 77 :624–640.
-
2
Snow RW, Molyneux CS, Njeru EK, Omumbo J, Nevill CG, Muniu E, Marsh K, 1997. The effects of malaria control on nutritional status in infancy. Acta Trop 65 :1–10.
-
3
Bloland PB, Boriga DA, Ruebush TK, McCormick JB, Roberts JM, Oloo AJ, Hawley W, Lal A, Nahlen B, Campbell CC, 1999. Longitudinal cohort study of the epidemiology of malaria infections in an area of intense malaria transmission II. Descriptive epidemiology of malaria infection and disease among children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :641–648.
-
4
Shiff C, Checkley W, Winch P, Premji Z, Minjas J, Lubega P, 1996. Changes in weight gain and anaemia attributable to malaria in Tanzanian children living under holoendemic conditions. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :262–265.
-
5
Rowland MG, Cole TJ, Whitehead RG, 1977. A quantitative study into the role of infection in determining nutritional status in Gambian village children. Br J Nutr 37 :441–450.
-
6
Garnham PCC, 1949. Malarial immunity in Africans: effects in infancy and early childhood. Am J Trop Med Parasitol 43 :47–61.
-
7
Bruce-Chwatt LJ, 1952. Malaria in African infants and children in southern Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 46 :173–200.
-
8
Frood JD, 1971. Relationship between pattern of infection and development of hypoalbuminaemia and hypo-beta-lipopro-teinaemia in rural Ugandan children. Lancet 2 :1047–1049.
-
9
D’Alessandro U, Olaleye BO, McGuire W, Langerock P, Bennett S, Aikins MK, Thomson MC, Cham MK, Cham BA, Greenwood BM, 1995. Mortality and morbidity from malaria in Gambian children after introduction of an impregnated bednet programme. Lancet 345 :479–483.
-
10
ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Phillips-Howard PA, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Kolczak MS, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kwena AM, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria and all-cause morbidity in young children in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya: Cross-sectional survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):100–107.
-
11
Archibald HM, Bruce-Chwatt LJ, 1956. Suppression of malaria with pyrimethamine in Nigerian schoolchildren. Bull World Health Organ 15 :775–784.
-
12
Colbourne MJ, 1955. The effect of malaria suppression in a group of Accra schoolchildren. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 49 :356–369.
-
13
Alonso PL, Lindsay SW, Armstrong JR, Conteh M, Hill AG, David PH, Fegan G, de Francisco A, Hall AJ, Shenton FC, et al., 1991. The effect of insecticide-treated bed nets on mortality of Gambian children. Lancet 337 :1499–1502.
-
14
Alonso PL, Lindsay SW, Armstrong Schellenberg JR, Konteh M, Keita K, Marshall C, Phillips A, Cham K, Greenwood BM, 1993. A malaria control trial using insecticide-treated bed nets and targeted chemoprophylaxis in a rural area of The Gambia, west Africa. 5. Design and implementation of the trial. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 (Suppl 2):31–36.
-
15
Nevill CG, Some ES, Mung’ala VO, Mutemi W, New L, Marsh K, Lengeler C, Snow RW, 1996. Insecticide-treated bednets reduce mortality and severe morbidity from malaria among children on the Kenyan coast. Trop Med Int Health 1 :139–146.
-
16
Binka FN, Kubaje A, Adjuik M, Williams LA, Lengeler C, Maude GH, Armah GE, Kajihara B, Adiamah JH, Smith PG, 1996. Impact of permethrin impregnated bednets on child mortality in Kassena-Nankana district, Ghana: a randomized controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health 1 :147–154.
-
17
Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Kolczak MS, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bednets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya. II: Study design and methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):10–15.
-
18
Alaii JA, Hawley WA, Kolczak MS, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Vulule JM, Odhacha A, Oloo AJ, Nahlen BL, Phillips-Howard PA, 2003. Factors affecting use of permethrin-treated bed nets during a randomized-controlled trial in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):137–141.
-
19
Beier JC, Oster CN, Onyango FK, Bales JD, Sherwood JA, Perkins PV, Chumo DK, Koech DV, Whitmire RE, Roberts CR, 1994. Plasmodium falciparum incidence relative to entomologic inoculation rates at a site proposed for testing malaria vaccines in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :529–536.
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IMPACT OF PERMETHRIN-TREATED BED NETS ON GROWTH, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, AND BODY COMPOSITION OF PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN WESTERN KENYA
JENNIFER F. FRIEDMAN
JENNIFER F. FRIEDMAN
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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PENELOPE A. PHILLIPS-HOWARD
PENELOPE A. PHILLIPS-HOWARD
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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WILLIAM A. HAWLEY
WILLIAM A. HAWLEY
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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DIANNE J. TERLOUW
DIANNE J. TERLOUW
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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MARGARETTE S. KOLCZAK
MARGARETTE S. KOLCZAK
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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MARLENE BARBER
MARLENE BARBER
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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NORMAN OKELLO
NORMAN OKELLO
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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JOHN M. VULULE
JOHN M. VULULE
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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CHRISTOPHER DUGGAN
CHRISTOPHER DUGGAN
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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BERNARD L. NAHLEN
BERNARD L. NAHLEN
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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FEIKO O. TER KUILE
FEIKO O. TER KUILE
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roll Back Malaria, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) have been demonstrated to reduce morbidity and mortality in children less than five years of age. They have also been shown to improve the nutritional status of these children, but little is known about their impact on the nutritional status of school-age children. We evaluated the impact of ITNs on growth, nutritional status, and body composition of primary schoolchildren less than 13 years of age living in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. The ITNs did not have a significant impact on linear growth or summary measures of protein-energy malnutrition in this age group. This lack of efficacy most likely relates to the reduced burden of malaria in this age group in a setting of stable transmission pressure. Use of ITNs was associated with a change in body composition with an increase in percent lean body mass (1.2%; P = 0.04). This may be consequent to reduced exposure to malaria with subsequent reduced elaboration of pro-inflammatory cytokines known to promote muscle wasting.
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-
1
Snow R, Craig M, Deichmann U, Marsh K, 1999. Estimating mortality, morbidity and disability due to malaria among Africa’s non-pregnant population. Bull World Health Organ 77 :624–640.
-
2
Snow RW, Molyneux CS, Njeru EK, Omumbo J, Nevill CG, Muniu E, Marsh K, 1997. The effects of malaria control on nutritional status in infancy. Acta Trop 65 :1–10.
-
3
Bloland PB, Boriga DA, Ruebush TK, McCormick JB, Roberts JM, Oloo AJ, Hawley W, Lal A, Nahlen B, Campbell CC, 1999. Longitudinal cohort study of the epidemiology of malaria infections in an area of intense malaria transmission II. Descriptive epidemiology of malaria infection and disease among children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :641–648.
-
4
Shiff C, Checkley W, Winch P, Premji Z, Minjas J, Lubega P, 1996. Changes in weight gain and anaemia attributable to malaria in Tanzanian children living under holoendemic conditions. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :262–265.
-
5
Rowland MG, Cole TJ, Whitehead RG, 1977. A quantitative study into the role of infection in determining nutritional status in Gambian village children. Br J Nutr 37 :441–450.
-
6
Garnham PCC, 1949. Malarial immunity in Africans: effects in infancy and early childhood. Am J Trop Med Parasitol 43 :47–61.
-
7
Bruce-Chwatt LJ, 1952. Malaria in African infants and children in southern Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 46 :173–200.
-
8
Frood JD, 1971. Relationship between pattern of infection and development of hypoalbuminaemia and hypo-beta-lipopro-teinaemia in rural Ugandan children. Lancet 2 :1047–1049.
-
9
D’Alessandro U, Olaleye BO, McGuire W, Langerock P, Bennett S, Aikins MK, Thomson MC, Cham MK, Cham BA, Greenwood BM, 1995. Mortality and morbidity from malaria in Gambian children after introduction of an impregnated bednet programme. Lancet 345 :479–483.
-
10
ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Phillips-Howard PA, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Kolczak MS, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kwena AM, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria and all-cause morbidity in young children in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya: Cross-sectional survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):100–107.
-
11
Archibald HM, Bruce-Chwatt LJ, 1956. Suppression of malaria with pyrimethamine in Nigerian schoolchildren. Bull World Health Organ 15 :775–784.
-
12
Colbourne MJ, 1955. The effect of malaria suppression in a group of Accra schoolchildren. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 49 :356–369.
-
13
Alonso PL, Lindsay SW, Armstrong JR, Conteh M, Hill AG, David PH, Fegan G, de Francisco A, Hall AJ, Shenton FC, et al., 1991. The effect of insecticide-treated bed nets on mortality of Gambian children. Lancet 337 :1499–1502.
-
14
Alonso PL, Lindsay SW, Armstrong Schellenberg JR, Konteh M, Keita K, Marshall C, Phillips A, Cham K, Greenwood BM, 1993. A malaria control trial using insecticide-treated bed nets and targeted chemoprophylaxis in a rural area of The Gambia, west Africa. 5. Design and implementation of the trial. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 (Suppl 2):31–36.
-
15
Nevill CG, Some ES, Mung’ala VO, Mutemi W, New L, Marsh K, Lengeler C, Snow RW, 1996. Insecticide-treated bednets reduce mortality and severe morbidity from malaria among children on the Kenyan coast. Trop Med Int Health 1 :139–146.
-
16
Binka FN, Kubaje A, Adjuik M, Williams LA, Lengeler C, Maude GH, Armah GE, Kajihara B, Adiamah JH, Smith PG, 1996. Impact of permethrin impregnated bednets on child mortality in Kassena-Nankana district, Ghana: a randomized controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health 1 :147–154.
-
17
Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Kolczak MS, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bednets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya. II: Study design and methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):10–15.
-
18
Alaii JA, Hawley WA, Kolczak MS, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Vulule JM, Odhacha A, Oloo AJ, Nahlen BL, Phillips-Howard PA, 2003. Factors affecting use of permethrin-treated bed nets during a randomized-controlled trial in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):137–141.
-
19
Beier JC, Oster CN, Onyango FK, Bales JD, Sherwood JA, Perkins PV, Chumo DK, Koech DV, Whitmire RE, Roberts CR, 1994. Plasmodium falciparum incidence relative to entomologic inoculation rates at a site proposed for testing malaria vaccines in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :529–536.
-
20
Jelliffe DB, 1966. The assessment of the nutritional status of the community (with special reference to field surveys in developing regions of the world). Monogr Ser World Health Organ 53 :3–271.
-
21
United Nations, 1986. Assessing the Nutritional Status of Young Children in Household Surveys. New York: United Nations.
-
22
Gibson R, 1990. Principles of Nutritional Assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.
-
23
Jette M, 1981. Guide for Anthropometric classification of Canadian Adults for Use in Nutritional Assessment. Ottawa, Canada: Health and Welfare.
-
24
Frisancho AR, 1990. Anthropometric Standards for the Assessment of Growth and Nutritional Status: Ann, Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
-
25
Frisancho AR, 1981. New norms of upper limb fat and muscle areas for assessment of nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr 34 :2540–2545.
-
26
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