World Health Organization, 1997. Integrated management of childhood illness: conclusions. Bull World Health Organ 75 (Suppl 1):119ā128.
Remme JHE, Binka E, Nabarro D, 2001. Toward a framework and indicators for monitoring Roll Back Malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (Suppl 1):76ā84.
Biritwum RB, 1994. Record keeping on early childhood diseases in two decades, at the health centre level in Uganda. East Afr Med J 71 :199ā203.
Oranga HM, Nordberg E, 1995. A longitudinal health interview survey in rural Kenya: potentials and limitations for local planning. East Afr Med J 72 :241ā247.
John TJ, Samuel R, Balraj V, John R, 1998. Disease surveillance at district level: a model for developing countries. Lancet 352 :58ā61.
World Health Organization, 1999. Integrated Disease Surveillance in the WHO African Region. A Regional Strategy for Communicable Diseases 1999ā2003. Geneva: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa.
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Wannemuehler KA, Kolczak MS, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Alaii JA, Odacha A, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on the incidence of sick child visits to peripheral health facilities. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):38ā43.
Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Kolczak MS, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya. II: Study design and methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):10ā15.
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Terlouw DJ, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Lal AA, Schoute E, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya. I: Development of infrastructure and description of study site. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):3ā9.
Bloland PB, Ruebush TK, McCormick JB, Ayisi J, Boriga DA, Oloo AJ, Beach R, Hawley WA, Lal A, Nahlen B, Udhayakumar V, Campbell CC, 1999. Longitudinal cohort study of the epidemiology of malaria infections in an area of intense malaria transmission. I. Description of study site, general methodology, and study population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :635ā640.
Sexton JD, Ruebush TK II, Brandling-Bennett AD, Breman JG, Roberts JM, Odera JS, Were JB, 1990. Permethrin-impregnated curtains and bed nets prevent malaria in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :11ā18.
Beier JC, Oster CN, Onyango FK, Bales JD, Sherwood JA, Perkins PV, Chumo DK, Koech DV, Whitmire RE Roberts CR, Diggs CL, Hoffman SL, 1994. Plasmodium falciparum incidence relative to entomological inoculation rates at a site proposed for testing malaria vaccines in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :529ā536.
Shretta R, Omumbo J, Rapuoda B, Snow RW, 2000. Using evidence to change antimalarial drug policy in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 5 :755ā764.
Bloland PB, Kazembe PN, Oloo AJ, Himonga B, Barat LM, Ruebush TK, 1998. Chloroquine in Africa: critical assessment and recommendations for monitoring and evaluating chloroquine therapy efficacy in sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Int Health 3 :543ā552.
Bloland PB, Lackritz EM, Kazembe PN, Were JB, Steketee R, Campbell CC, 1993. Beyond chloroquine: implications of drug resistance for evaluating malaria therapy efficacy and treatment policy in Africa. J Infect Dis 167 :932ā937.
Rapuoda BA, Otieno JA, Khan B, Omar S, 1998. Status of anti-malarial drug sensitivity in Kenya. Malaria Infect Dis Afr 8 :25ā43.
Government of Kenya, 1994. Kenya Population Census, 1989. Volume I. Nairobi: Central Bureau of Statistics, Office of the Vice President, Ministry of Planning and National Development.
Kwena AM, Terlouw DJ, de Vlas SJ, Phillips-Howard PA, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, Sauerwein RW, ter Kuile FO, 2003. Prevalence and severity of malnutrition in pre-school children in a rural area in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):94ā99.
ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Phillips-Howard PA, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kolczak MS, Lal AA, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, 2003. Reduction of malaria during pregnancy by permethrin-treated bed nets in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):50ā60.
Bloland PB, Ruebush TK, McCormick JB, Ayisi J, Boriga DA, Oloo AJ, Beach R, Hawley WA, Lal A, Nahlen B, Udhayakumar V, Campbell CC, 1999. Longitudinal cohort study of the epidemiology of malaria infections in an area of intense malaria transmission. II. Epidemiology. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :641ā648.
ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Phillips-Howard PA, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Kolczak MS, Kariuki S, Schoute E, Shi YP, Kwena A, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria and all-cause morbidity in young children in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya: Cross-sectional survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):100ā107.
Malakooti M, Alaii JA, Shanks D, Phillips-Howard PA, 1997. Epidemic dysentery in western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :541ā543.
Shapiro RL, Otieno MR, Adcock PM, Phillips-Howard PA, Hawley WA, Kumar L, Waiyaki P, Nahlen BL, Slutsker L, 1999. Transmission of epidemic Vibrio cholerae O1 in rural western Kenya associated with drinking water from Lake Victoria: an environmental reservoir for cholera? Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :271ā276.
Shapiro RL, Kumar L, Phillips-Howard PA, Wells JG, Adcock P, Ackers ML, Nahlen BL, Hawley WA, Mintz E, Waiyaki P, Slutsker L, 2001. Antimicrobial resistant bacterial diarrhea in rural western Kenya. J Infect Dis 183 :1701ā1704.
Brooks JT, Shapiro RL, Kumar L, Wells JG, Phillips-Howard PA, Shi Y-P, Vulule JM, Hoekstra RM, Mintz E, Slutsker L, 2003. Epidemiology of sporadic bloody diarrhea in rural western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg (in press).
Government of Kenya, 1994. Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Common Hospital Conditions in Kenya. Nairobi: Ministry of Health.
Lackritz EM, Campbell CC, Ruebush TK II, Hightower AW, Wakube W, Steketee RW, Were JBO, 1992. Effect of blood transfusion on survival among children in a Kenyan hospital. Lancet 340 :524ā528.
Zucker JR, Perkins BA, Jafari H, Otieno J, Obonyo C, Campbell CC, 1997. Clinical signs for the recognition of children with moderate or severe anaemia in western Kenya. Bull World Health Organ 75 (Suppl 1):97ā102.
Desai MR, Phillips-Howard PA, Terlouw DJ, Wannemuehler KA, Odhacha A, Kariuki SK, Nahlen BL, ter Kuile FO, 2002. Recognition of pallor associated with severe anaemia by primary caregivers in western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 7 :831ā839.
DeCock KM, Fowler MG, Mercier E, De Vincenzi I, Saba J, Hoff E, Alnwick DJ, Rogers M, Shaffer N, 2000. Prevention of Mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource poor countries. Translating research into policy and practice. JAMA 283 :1175ā1182.
Walraven G, Nicoll A, Njau M, Timaeus I, 1996. The impact of HIV-1 infection on child health in sub-Saharan Africa: the burden the health services. Trop Med Int Health 1 :3ā14.
Khan B, Omar S, Kanyara JN, Warren-Perry M, Nyalwidhe J, Peterson DS, Wellems T, Kaniaru S, Gitonga J, Mulaa FJ, Koech DK, 1997. Antifolate drug resistance and point mutations in Plasmodium falciparum in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :456ā460.
Mberu EK, Mosobo MK, Nzila AM, Kokwaro GO, Sibley CH, Watkins WM, 2000. The changing in vitro susceptibility pattern to pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Kilifi Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :396ā401.
INACG Consensus Statement, 1999. Safety of Iron Supplementation Programs in Malaria-Endemic Regions. Washington, DC: International Life Sciences Institute.
Richards L, Claeson M, Pierce NF, 1993. Management of acute diarrhea in children: lessons learned. Paediatr Infect Dis J 12 :5ā9.
Agwanda RO, Kwamanga DO, Kiugu SK, 1996. Essential drugs supply and usage as a reflection of outpatient morbidity in Kirinyaga District, Kenya. East Afr Med J 73 :120ā125.
Bloland PB, Redd SC, Kazembe P, Tembenu R, Wirima JJ, Campbell CC, 1991. Co-trimoxazole for childhood febrile illness in malaria-endemic regions. Lancet 337 :518ā520.
Redd SC, Bloland PB, Kazembe P, Patrick E, Tembenu R, Campbell CC, 1992. Usefulness of clinical case-definitions in guiding therapy for African children with malaria or pneumonia. Lancet 340 :1140ā1143.
World Health Organization, 1993. The Overlap in the Clinical Presentation and Treatment of Malaria and Pneumonia in Children. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO/ARI/92.23-WHO/MAL/92.1065.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 25 | 25 | 12 |
Full Text Views | 419 | 136 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 40 | 21 | 0 |
Health facility ledgers of 11 rural health facilities in western Kenya were reviewed to evaluate diagnostic and prescribing practices. Clinics lacked laboratory facilities. Of 14,267 sick child visits (SCVs), 76% were diagnosed with malaria and/or upper respiratory infections. Other diagnoses were recorded in less than 5% of SCVs. Although two-thirds of malaria cases were diagnosed with co-infections, less than 3% were concomitantly diagnosed with anemia. Chloroquine and penicillin constituted 94% of prescriptions. Half of children given a sole diagnosis of measles or pneumonia were prescribed chloroquine, and 22% of children with a sole diagnosis of malaria were given penicillin. Antimalarials other than chloroquine were rarely prescribed. Only 12% of children diagnosed with anemia were prescribed iron supplementation, while 53% received folic acid. This study highlights limited diagnostic and prescribing practices and a lack of adherence to national treatment guidelines in rural western Kenya.
World Health Organization, 1997. Integrated management of childhood illness: conclusions. Bull World Health Organ 75 (Suppl 1):119ā128.
Remme JHE, Binka E, Nabarro D, 2001. Toward a framework and indicators for monitoring Roll Back Malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (Suppl 1):76ā84.
Biritwum RB, 1994. Record keeping on early childhood diseases in two decades, at the health centre level in Uganda. East Afr Med J 71 :199ā203.
Oranga HM, Nordberg E, 1995. A longitudinal health interview survey in rural Kenya: potentials and limitations for local planning. East Afr Med J 72 :241ā247.
John TJ, Samuel R, Balraj V, John R, 1998. Disease surveillance at district level: a model for developing countries. Lancet 352 :58ā61.
World Health Organization, 1999. Integrated Disease Surveillance in the WHO African Region. A Regional Strategy for Communicable Diseases 1999ā2003. Geneva: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa.
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Wannemuehler KA, Kolczak MS, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Alaii JA, Odacha A, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on the incidence of sick child visits to peripheral health facilities. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):38ā43.
Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Kolczak MS, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya. II: Study design and methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):10ā15.
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Terlouw DJ, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Lal AA, Schoute E, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya. I: Development of infrastructure and description of study site. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):3ā9.
Bloland PB, Ruebush TK, McCormick JB, Ayisi J, Boriga DA, Oloo AJ, Beach R, Hawley WA, Lal A, Nahlen B, Udhayakumar V, Campbell CC, 1999. Longitudinal cohort study of the epidemiology of malaria infections in an area of intense malaria transmission. I. Description of study site, general methodology, and study population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :635ā640.
Sexton JD, Ruebush TK II, Brandling-Bennett AD, Breman JG, Roberts JM, Odera JS, Were JB, 1990. Permethrin-impregnated curtains and bed nets prevent malaria in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :11ā18.
Beier JC, Oster CN, Onyango FK, Bales JD, Sherwood JA, Perkins PV, Chumo DK, Koech DV, Whitmire RE Roberts CR, Diggs CL, Hoffman SL, 1994. Plasmodium falciparum incidence relative to entomological inoculation rates at a site proposed for testing malaria vaccines in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :529ā536.
Shretta R, Omumbo J, Rapuoda B, Snow RW, 2000. Using evidence to change antimalarial drug policy in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 5 :755ā764.
Bloland PB, Kazembe PN, Oloo AJ, Himonga B, Barat LM, Ruebush TK, 1998. Chloroquine in Africa: critical assessment and recommendations for monitoring and evaluating chloroquine therapy efficacy in sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Int Health 3 :543ā552.
Bloland PB, Lackritz EM, Kazembe PN, Were JB, Steketee R, Campbell CC, 1993. Beyond chloroquine: implications of drug resistance for evaluating malaria therapy efficacy and treatment policy in Africa. J Infect Dis 167 :932ā937.
Rapuoda BA, Otieno JA, Khan B, Omar S, 1998. Status of anti-malarial drug sensitivity in Kenya. Malaria Infect Dis Afr 8 :25ā43.
Government of Kenya, 1994. Kenya Population Census, 1989. Volume I. Nairobi: Central Bureau of Statistics, Office of the Vice President, Ministry of Planning and National Development.
Kwena AM, Terlouw DJ, de Vlas SJ, Phillips-Howard PA, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, Sauerwein RW, ter Kuile FO, 2003. Prevalence and severity of malnutrition in pre-school children in a rural area in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):94ā99.
ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Phillips-Howard PA, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kolczak MS, Lal AA, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, 2003. Reduction of malaria during pregnancy by permethrin-treated bed nets in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):50ā60.
Bloland PB, Ruebush TK, McCormick JB, Ayisi J, Boriga DA, Oloo AJ, Beach R, Hawley WA, Lal A, Nahlen B, Udhayakumar V, Campbell CC, 1999. Longitudinal cohort study of the epidemiology of malaria infections in an area of intense malaria transmission. II. Epidemiology. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :641ā648.
ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Phillips-Howard PA, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Kolczak MS, Kariuki S, Schoute E, Shi YP, Kwena A, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria and all-cause morbidity in young children in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya: Cross-sectional survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):100ā107.
Malakooti M, Alaii JA, Shanks D, Phillips-Howard PA, 1997. Epidemic dysentery in western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :541ā543.
Shapiro RL, Otieno MR, Adcock PM, Phillips-Howard PA, Hawley WA, Kumar L, Waiyaki P, Nahlen BL, Slutsker L, 1999. Transmission of epidemic Vibrio cholerae O1 in rural western Kenya associated with drinking water from Lake Victoria: an environmental reservoir for cholera? Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :271ā276.
Shapiro RL, Kumar L, Phillips-Howard PA, Wells JG, Adcock P, Ackers ML, Nahlen BL, Hawley WA, Mintz E, Waiyaki P, Slutsker L, 2001. Antimicrobial resistant bacterial diarrhea in rural western Kenya. J Infect Dis 183 :1701ā1704.
Brooks JT, Shapiro RL, Kumar L, Wells JG, Phillips-Howard PA, Shi Y-P, Vulule JM, Hoekstra RM, Mintz E, Slutsker L, 2003. Epidemiology of sporadic bloody diarrhea in rural western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg (in press).
Government of Kenya, 1994. Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Common Hospital Conditions in Kenya. Nairobi: Ministry of Health.
Lackritz EM, Campbell CC, Ruebush TK II, Hightower AW, Wakube W, Steketee RW, Were JBO, 1992. Effect of blood transfusion on survival among children in a Kenyan hospital. Lancet 340 :524ā528.
Zucker JR, Perkins BA, Jafari H, Otieno J, Obonyo C, Campbell CC, 1997. Clinical signs for the recognition of children with moderate or severe anaemia in western Kenya. Bull World Health Organ 75 (Suppl 1):97ā102.
Desai MR, Phillips-Howard PA, Terlouw DJ, Wannemuehler KA, Odhacha A, Kariuki SK, Nahlen BL, ter Kuile FO, 2002. Recognition of pallor associated with severe anaemia by primary caregivers in western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 7 :831ā839.
DeCock KM, Fowler MG, Mercier E, De Vincenzi I, Saba J, Hoff E, Alnwick DJ, Rogers M, Shaffer N, 2000. Prevention of Mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource poor countries. Translating research into policy and practice. JAMA 283 :1175ā1182.
Walraven G, Nicoll A, Njau M, Timaeus I, 1996. The impact of HIV-1 infection on child health in sub-Saharan Africa: the burden the health services. Trop Med Int Health 1 :3ā14.
Khan B, Omar S, Kanyara JN, Warren-Perry M, Nyalwidhe J, Peterson DS, Wellems T, Kaniaru S, Gitonga J, Mulaa FJ, Koech DK, 1997. Antifolate drug resistance and point mutations in Plasmodium falciparum in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :456ā460.
Mberu EK, Mosobo MK, Nzila AM, Kokwaro GO, Sibley CH, Watkins WM, 2000. The changing in vitro susceptibility pattern to pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Kilifi Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :396ā401.
INACG Consensus Statement, 1999. Safety of Iron Supplementation Programs in Malaria-Endemic Regions. Washington, DC: International Life Sciences Institute.
Richards L, Claeson M, Pierce NF, 1993. Management of acute diarrhea in children: lessons learned. Paediatr Infect Dis J 12 :5ā9.
Agwanda RO, Kwamanga DO, Kiugu SK, 1996. Essential drugs supply and usage as a reflection of outpatient morbidity in Kirinyaga District, Kenya. East Afr Med J 73 :120ā125.
Bloland PB, Redd SC, Kazembe P, Tembenu R, Wirima JJ, Campbell CC, 1991. Co-trimoxazole for childhood febrile illness in malaria-endemic regions. Lancet 337 :518ā520.
Redd SC, Bloland PB, Kazembe P, Patrick E, Tembenu R, Campbell CC, 1992. Usefulness of clinical case-definitions in guiding therapy for African children with malaria or pneumonia. Lancet 340 :1140ā1143.
World Health Organization, 1993. The Overlap in the Clinical Presentation and Treatment of Malaria and Pneumonia in Children. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO/ARI/92.23-WHO/MAL/92.1065.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 25 | 25 | 12 |
Full Text Views | 419 | 136 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 40 | 21 | 0 |