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1
World Health Organization, 1999. The World Health Report 1999: Making a Difference. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2
McElroy PD, ter Kuile FO, Hightower AW, Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard PA, Oloo AJ, Lal AA, Nahlen BL, 2001. All-cause mortality among young children in western Kenya. VII. The Asembo Bay Cohort Project. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (Suppl 1): 18–27
-
3
Remme JHF, Binka F, Nabarro D, 2001. Toward a framework and indicators for monitoring Roll Back Malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (Suppl 1): 76–84.
-
4
Greenwood, BM, Bradley AK, Greewood AM, Byass P, Jammeh K, Marsh K, Tulloch S, Oldfield FS, Hayes R, 1987. Mortality and morbidity from malaria among children in a rural area of the Gambia, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :478–486.
-
5
Binka FN, Ngom P, Philips JF, Kubaje A, McLeod B, 1999. Assessing population dynamics in a rural African society: the Navrongo demographic surveillance system. J Biosocial Sci 31 :375–391.
-
6
Mung’ala VO, Snow RW, 1994. Death registration on the Kenyan coast. East Afr Med J 71 :747–750.
-
7
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Terlouw DJ, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Lal AA, Schoute E, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya. I. Development of infrastructure and description of study site. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4): 3–9.
-
8
Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Kolczak MS, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bednets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya. II. Study design and methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4): 10–15.
-
9
Cohen DW, Atieno-Odhiambo ES, 1989. Siaya: The Historical Anthropology of an African Landscape. London: James Currey, Ltd.
-
10
Bloland PB, Ruebush TK, McCormick JB, Ayisi J, Boriga DA, Oloo AJ, Beach R, Hawley WA, Lal A, Nahlen B, Udhayakumar V, Campbell CC, 1999. Longitudinal cohort study of the epidemiology of malaria infections in an area of intense malaria transmission. I. Description of study site, general methodology, and study population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :635–640.
-
11
Lackritz EM, Campbell CC, Ruebush TK II, Hightower AW, Wakube W, Steketee RW, Were JBO, 1992. Effect of blood transfusion on survival among children in a Kenyan hospital. Lancet 340 :524–528.
-
12
Walker N, Schwartlander B, Bryce J, 2002. Meeting international goals in child survival and HIV/AIDS. Lancet 360 :284–289.
-
13
Alonso PL, Bowman A, Marsh K, Greenwood BM, 1987. The accuracy of clinical histories given by mothers of seriously ill African children. Annals Trop Paediatr 7 :187–189.
-
14
Snow BW, Marsh K, 1992. How useful are verbal autopsies to estimate childhood causes of death? Health Policy Plann 7 :22–29.
-
15
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Wannemuehler KA, Kolczak MS, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Alaii JA, Odacha A, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bednets on the incidence of sick child visits to peripheral health facilities. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4): 38–43.
-
16
Government of Kenya, 1998. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, 1998. Nairobi: Preliminary Report.
-
17
Ahmad OB, Lopez AD, Inoue M, 2000. The decline in child mortality: a reappraisal. Bull World Health Organ 78 :1175–1191.
-
18
Bloland PB, Ruebush TK, McCormick JB, Ayisi J, Boriga DA, Oloo AJ, Beach R, Hawley WA, Lal A, Nahlen B, Udhayakumar V, Campbell CC, 1999. Longitudinal cohort study of the epidemiology of malaria infections in an area of intense malaria transmission. II. Epidemiology. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :641–648.
-
19
Spencer HC, Kaseje DC, Mosley WH, Sempebwa EK, Huong AY, Roberts JM, 1987. Impact on mortality and fertility of a community-based malaria control programme in Saradidi, Kenya. Annals Trop Med Parasitol 81 (Suppl 1): 36–45.
-
20
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, ter Kuile FO, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Arudo J, Vulule JM, Odhacha A, Kachur SP, Schoute E, Rosen DH, Sexton JD, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. Efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets in the prevention of mortality in young children in an area of high perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4): 23–29
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COMPARISON OF GOVERNMENT STATISTICS AND DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEILLANCE TO MONITOR MORTALITY IN CHILDREN LESS THAN FIVE YEARS OLD IN RURAL WESTERN KENYA
JOHN ARUDO
JOHN ARUDO
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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JOHN E. GIMNIG
JOHN E. GIMNIG
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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FEIKO O. TER KUILE
FEIKO O. TER KUILE
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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S. PATRICK KACHUR
S. PATRICK KACHUR
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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LAURENCE SLUTSKER
LAURENCE SLUTSKER
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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MARGARETTE S. KOLCZAK
MARGARETTE S. KOLCZAK
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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WILLIAM A. HAWLEY
WILLIAM A. HAWLEY
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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ALLOYS S. S. ORAGO
ALLOYS S. S. ORAGO
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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BERNARD L. NAHLEN
BERNARD L. NAHLEN
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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PENELOPE A. PHILLIPS-HOWARD
PENELOPE A. PHILLIPS-HOWARD
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Estimates of mortality in children less than five years old using government civil registration statistics (passive surveillance) were compared against statistics generated by active demographic surveillance during a randomized controlled trial of permethrin-treated bed nets (ITNs) in western Kenya. Mortality rates were two-fold lower when estimated through civil registration compared with active prospective surveillance (rate ratio [RR] = 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.44–0.59). While civil registration underestimated deaths, particularly in the neonatal period, the age distribution of deaths in children 1–59 months of age was the same as with active surveillance. Seasonal mortality trends were also similar. There was no agreement between cause of death recorded by active and passive surveillance. Verbal autopsy estimated that half of all deaths were associated with malaria and pneumonia, but civil registration markedly under-reported these illnesses; incidence RR (95% CI) = 0.18 (0.14–0.24), and 0.05 (0.03–0.08), respectively, while over-reporting deaths due to measles (RR = 15.5 [95% CI = 7.3–33.2]). Government statistics under-represent mortality, particularly neonatal mortality, in children less than five years of age in rural areas of Kenya. They can provide accurate information on the age-distribution of deaths among children 1–59 months old, and on seasonal trends, but not on disease-specific mortality.
Author Notes
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-
1
World Health Organization, 1999. The World Health Report 1999: Making a Difference. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2
McElroy PD, ter Kuile FO, Hightower AW, Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard PA, Oloo AJ, Lal AA, Nahlen BL, 2001. All-cause mortality among young children in western Kenya. VII. The Asembo Bay Cohort Project. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (Suppl 1): 18–27
-
3
Remme JHF, Binka F, Nabarro D, 2001. Toward a framework and indicators for monitoring Roll Back Malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (Suppl 1): 76–84.
-
4
Greenwood, BM, Bradley AK, Greewood AM, Byass P, Jammeh K, Marsh K, Tulloch S, Oldfield FS, Hayes R, 1987. Mortality and morbidity from malaria among children in a rural area of the Gambia, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :478–486.
-
5
Binka FN, Ngom P, Philips JF, Kubaje A, McLeod B, 1999. Assessing population dynamics in a rural African society: the Navrongo demographic surveillance system. J Biosocial Sci 31 :375–391.
-
6
Mung’ala VO, Snow RW, 1994. Death registration on the Kenyan coast. East Afr Med J 71 :747–750.
-
7
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Terlouw DJ, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Lal AA, Schoute E, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya. I. Development of infrastructure and description of study site. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4): 3–9.
-
8
Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Kolczak MS, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bednets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya. II. Study design and methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4): 10–15.
-
9
Cohen DW, Atieno-Odhiambo ES, 1989. Siaya: The Historical Anthropology of an African Landscape. London: James Currey, Ltd.
-
10
Bloland PB, Ruebush TK, McCormick JB, Ayisi J, Boriga DA, Oloo AJ, Beach R, Hawley WA, Lal A, Nahlen B, Udhayakumar V, Campbell CC, 1999. Longitudinal cohort study of the epidemiology of malaria infections in an area of intense malaria transmission. I. Description of study site, general methodology, and study population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :635–640.
-
11
Lackritz EM, Campbell CC, Ruebush TK II, Hightower AW, Wakube W, Steketee RW, Were JBO, 1992. Effect of blood transfusion on survival among children in a Kenyan hospital. Lancet 340 :524–528.
-
12
Walker N, Schwartlander B, Bryce J, 2002. Meeting international goals in child survival and HIV/AIDS. Lancet 360 :284–289.
-
13
Alonso PL, Bowman A, Marsh K, Greenwood BM, 1987. The accuracy of clinical histories given by mothers of seriously ill African children. Annals Trop Paediatr 7 :187–189.
-
14
Snow BW, Marsh K, 1992. How useful are verbal autopsies to estimate childhood causes of death? Health Policy Plann 7 :22–29.
-
15
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Wannemuehler KA, Kolczak MS, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Alaii JA, Odacha A, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bednets on the incidence of sick child visits to peripheral health facilities. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4): 38–43.
-
16
Government of Kenya, 1998. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, 1998. Nairobi: Preliminary Report.
-
17
Ahmad OB, Lopez AD, Inoue M, 2000. The decline in child mortality: a reappraisal. Bull World Health Organ 78 :1175–1191.
-
18
Bloland PB, Ruebush TK, McCormick JB, Ayisi J, Boriga DA, Oloo AJ, Beach R, Hawley WA, Lal A, Nahlen B, Udhayakumar V, Campbell CC, 1999. Longitudinal cohort study of the epidemiology of malaria infections in an area of intense malaria transmission. II. Epidemiology. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :641–648.
-
19
Spencer HC, Kaseje DC, Mosley WH, Sempebwa EK, Huong AY, Roberts JM, 1987. Impact on mortality and fertility of a community-based malaria control programme in Saradidi, Kenya. Annals Trop Med Parasitol 81 (Suppl 1): 36–45.
-
20
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, ter Kuile FO, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Arudo J, Vulule JM, Odhacha A, Kachur SP, Schoute E, Rosen DH, Sexton JD, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. Efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets in the prevention of mortality in young children in an area of high perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4): 23–29
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1307 | 1142 | 284 |
| Full Text Views | 706 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 72 | 10 | 0 |