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-
1
Alonso PL, Lindsay SW, Armstrong JRM, Conteh M, Hill AG, David PH, Fegan G, de Francisco A, Hall AJ, Shenton FC, Cham K, Greenwood BM, 1991. The effect of insecticide-treated bednets on mortality of Gambian children. Lancet 337 :1449–1502.
-
2
D’Alessandro U, Olaleye BO, McGuire W, Langerock P, Bennett S, Aikens MK, Thomson MC, Cham MK, Cham BA, Greenwood BM, 1995. Mortality and morbidity from malaria in Gambian children after introduction of an impregnated bednet programme. Lancet 345 :479–483.
-
3
Binka FN, Kubaje A, Adjuik M, Williams LA, Lengeler C, Maude GH, Armah GE, Kajihara B, Adiamah JH, Smith PG, 1996. Impact of permethrin-impregnated bednets on child mortality in Kassens-Nankana District, Ghana: A randomized-controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health 1 :147–154.
-
4
Nevill CG, Some ES, Mung’ala VO, Mutemi W, New L, Marsh K, Lengeler C, Snow RW, 1996. Insecticide Treated Bednets Reduce Mortality and Severe Morbidity from Malaria among Children on the Kenyan Coast. Trop Med Int Health 1 :139–146.
-
5
Habluetzel A, Diallo DA, Esposito F, Lamizana L, Pagnoni F, Lengeler C, Traoré C, Cousens SN, 1997. Do insecticide-treated curtains reduce all-cause mortality in Burkina Faso? Trop Med Int Health 2 :855–862.
-
6
World Health Organization, 1999. Rolling Back Malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
7
Gyapong M, Gyapong JO, Amankwa J, Asedem J, Sory E, 1996. Introducing insecticide impregnated bednets in an area of low bednet usage: an exploratory study in north-east Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 1 :328–333.
-
8
Binka FN, Adongo P, 1997. Acceptability and use of insecticide impregnated bednets in northern Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 2 :499–507.
-
9
Snow RE, McCabe E, Mbogo CNM, Molyneux CS, Some ES, Mung’ala VO, Nevill CG, 1999. The effect of delivery mechanisms on the uptake of bednet re-impregnation in Kilifi District, Kenya. Health Policy Plann 14 :18–25.
-
10
Winch PJ, Makemba AM, Kamazima SR, Lwihula GK, Lubega P, Minjas JN, Shiff CJ, 1994. Seasonal variations in the perceived risk of malaria: implications for the promotion of insecticide-impregnated bed nets. Soc Sci Med 39 :63–75.
-
11
Winch PJ, Makemba AM, Makame VR, Mfaume M, Lynch MC, Premji Z, Minjas JN, Shiff CJ, 1997. Social and cultural factors affecting rates of regular retreatment of mosquito nets with insecticide in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 2 :760–770.
-
12
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, ter Kuile FO, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Arudo J, Vulule JM, Odhacha A, Kachur SP, Schoute E, Rosen DH, Sexton JD, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. Efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets in the prevention of mortality in young children in an area of high perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4): 23–29.
-
13
Gimnig JE, Vulule JM, Lo TQ, Kamau L, Kolczak MS, Phillips-Howard PA, Mathenge EM, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, High-tower AW, Hawley WA, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on entomologic indices in an area of intense year-round malaria transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4): 16–22.
-
14
Beier JC, Oster CN, Onyango FK, Bales JD, Sherwood JA, Perkins PV, Chumo DK, Koech DV, Whitmire RE Roberts CR, Diggs CL, Hoffman SL, 1994. Plasmodium falciparum incidence relative to entomological inoculation rates at a site proposed for testing malaria vaccines in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :529–536.
-
15
Alaii JA, 1997. The Relevance of Sleeping Arrangements and Bedtime Mobility Patterns for Implementing Insecticide-Treated Bednets in Asembo, Western Kenya. M.Sc. Dissertation, London: School of Education, Politics and Social Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, South Bank University.
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16
Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Kolczak MS, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. The effect of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya. II. Study design and methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4): 10–15.
-
17
Meltzer MI, Terlouw DJ, Kolczak MS, Odhacha A, ter Kuile FO, Vulule JM, Alaii JA, Nahlen BL, Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard PA, 2003. The household-level economics of using permethrin-treated bed nets to prevent malaria in children less than five years of age. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4): 149–160.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 789 | 648 | 27 |
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| PDF Downloads | 146 | 5 | 0 |
FACTORS AFFECTING USE OF PERMETHRIN-TREATED BED NETS DURING A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL IN WESTERN KENYA
JANE A. ALAII
JANE A. ALAII
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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WILLIAM A. HAWLEY
WILLIAM A. HAWLEY
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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MARGARETTE S. KOLCZAK
MARGARETTE S. KOLCZAK
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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FEIKO O. TER KUILE
FEIKO O. TER KUILE
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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JOHN E. GIMNIG
JOHN E. GIMNIG
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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JOHN M. VULULE
JOHN M. VULULE
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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AMOS ODHACHA
AMOS ODHACHA
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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AGGREY J. OLOO
AGGREY J. OLOO
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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BERNARD L. NAHLEN
BERNARD L. NAHLEN
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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PENELOPE A. PHILLIPS-HOWARD
PENELOPE A. PHILLIPS-HOWARD
Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Adherence with permethrin-treated bed net (ITN) use and their proper deployment was directly observed in 2,178 individuals (784 households) participating in a large-scale trial of ITNs on child mortality in western Kenya. The ITNs were distributed free of charge to ensure high coverage, resulting in a ratio of 1.46 persons per ITN. Approximately 30% of ITNs present were unused. The overall percentage adherence was 72.3%. The probability of adherence by individuals depended strongly on age (relative risk [RR] = 0.86, 95% confidence limit [CL] − 0.78–0.94), in which children less than five years of age were less likely to use ITNs than older individuals, and temperature, in which ITNs were more likely to be used in periods of cooler weather. A marginally significant diminution in adherence during the second year of the project was also observed (RR = 0.83, 95% CL = 0.68–1.01). Mosquito numbers, relative wealth, number of house occupants, and the educational level of the head of the household had no effect on adherence. In unstructured questioning of house residents, excessive heat was often cited as a reason for not deploying the child’s ITN. The most important reason for non-adherence was disruption of sleeping arrangements, indicating that ITNs were not readily redeployed in the face of shifting sleeping patterns due to visitors, funerals, house construction, and other events. Challenges faced by health education programs to maximize adherence with ITN use are discussed.
Author Notes
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-
1
Alonso PL, Lindsay SW, Armstrong JRM, Conteh M, Hill AG, David PH, Fegan G, de Francisco A, Hall AJ, Shenton FC, Cham K, Greenwood BM, 1991. The effect of insecticide-treated bednets on mortality of Gambian children. Lancet 337 :1449–1502.
-
2
D’Alessandro U, Olaleye BO, McGuire W, Langerock P, Bennett S, Aikens MK, Thomson MC, Cham MK, Cham BA, Greenwood BM, 1995. Mortality and morbidity from malaria in Gambian children after introduction of an impregnated bednet programme. Lancet 345 :479–483.
-
3
Binka FN, Kubaje A, Adjuik M, Williams LA, Lengeler C, Maude GH, Armah GE, Kajihara B, Adiamah JH, Smith PG, 1996. Impact of permethrin-impregnated bednets on child mortality in Kassens-Nankana District, Ghana: A randomized-controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health 1 :147–154.
-
4
Nevill CG, Some ES, Mung’ala VO, Mutemi W, New L, Marsh K, Lengeler C, Snow RW, 1996. Insecticide Treated Bednets Reduce Mortality and Severe Morbidity from Malaria among Children on the Kenyan Coast. Trop Med Int Health 1 :139–146.
-
5
Habluetzel A, Diallo DA, Esposito F, Lamizana L, Pagnoni F, Lengeler C, Traoré C, Cousens SN, 1997. Do insecticide-treated curtains reduce all-cause mortality in Burkina Faso? Trop Med Int Health 2 :855–862.
-
6
World Health Organization, 1999. Rolling Back Malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
7
Gyapong M, Gyapong JO, Amankwa J, Asedem J, Sory E, 1996. Introducing insecticide impregnated bednets in an area of low bednet usage: an exploratory study in north-east Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 1 :328–333.
-
8
Binka FN, Adongo P, 1997. Acceptability and use of insecticide impregnated bednets in northern Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 2 :499–507.
-
9
Snow RE, McCabe E, Mbogo CNM, Molyneux CS, Some ES, Mung’ala VO, Nevill CG, 1999. The effect of delivery mechanisms on the uptake of bednet re-impregnation in Kilifi District, Kenya. Health Policy Plann 14 :18–25.
-
10
Winch PJ, Makemba AM, Kamazima SR, Lwihula GK, Lubega P, Minjas JN, Shiff CJ, 1994. Seasonal variations in the perceived risk of malaria: implications for the promotion of insecticide-impregnated bed nets. Soc Sci Med 39 :63–75.
-
11
Winch PJ, Makemba AM, Makame VR, Mfaume M, Lynch MC, Premji Z, Minjas JN, Shiff CJ, 1997. Social and cultural factors affecting rates of regular retreatment of mosquito nets with insecticide in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 2 :760–770.
-
12
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, ter Kuile FO, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Arudo J, Vulule JM, Odhacha A, Kachur SP, Schoute E, Rosen DH, Sexton JD, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. Efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets in the prevention of mortality in young children in an area of high perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4): 23–29.
-
13
Gimnig JE, Vulule JM, Lo TQ, Kamau L, Kolczak MS, Phillips-Howard PA, Mathenge EM, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, High-tower AW, Hawley WA, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on entomologic indices in an area of intense year-round malaria transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4): 16–22.
-
14
Beier JC, Oster CN, Onyango FK, Bales JD, Sherwood JA, Perkins PV, Chumo DK, Koech DV, Whitmire RE Roberts CR, Diggs CL, Hoffman SL, 1994. Plasmodium falciparum incidence relative to entomological inoculation rates at a site proposed for testing malaria vaccines in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :529–536.
-
15
Alaii JA, 1997. The Relevance of Sleeping Arrangements and Bedtime Mobility Patterns for Implementing Insecticide-Treated Bednets in Asembo, Western Kenya. M.Sc. Dissertation, London: School of Education, Politics and Social Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, South Bank University.
-
16
Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Kolczak MS, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. The effect of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya. II. Study design and methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4): 10–15.
-
17
Meltzer MI, Terlouw DJ, Kolczak MS, Odhacha A, ter Kuile FO, Vulule JM, Alaii JA, Nahlen BL, Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard PA, 2003. The household-level economics of using permethrin-treated bed nets to prevent malaria in children less than five years of age. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4): 149–160.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 789 | 648 | 27 |
| Full Text Views | 593 | 5 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 146 | 5 | 0 |