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Reference Manager
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-
1
Lines J, Myamba J, Curtis CF, 1987. Experimental hut trials of permethrin-impregnated mosquito nets and eave curtains against malaria vectors in Tanzania. Med Vet Entomol 1 :37–51.
-
2
Maxwell C, Myamba J, Njunwa KJ, Greenwood BM, Curtis CF, 1999. Comparison of bednets impregnated with different pyrethroids for their impact on mosquitoes and on re-infection with malaria after clearance of pre-existing infections with chloroproguanil-dapsone. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :4–11.
-
3
Maxwell CA Msuya E, Sudi M, Njunwa KJ, Carneiro IA, Curtis CF, 2002. Effect of community-wide use of insecticide-treated nets for 3–4 years on malarial morbidity in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 7 :1003–1008.
-
4
Gimnig JE, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, Vulule JM, Schoute E, Kamau L, Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Hawley WA, 2003. Effect of permethrin-treated bed nets on the spatial distribution of malaria vectors in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):115–120.
-
5
Smith T, Hii JLK, Genton B, Muller I, Booth M, Gibson N, Narara A, Alpers A, 2001. Associations of peak shifts in age-prevalence for human malarias with bednet coverage. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :1–6.
-
6
Hii JLK, Smith T, Vounatsou P, Alexander N, Mai A, Ibam E, Alpers MP, 2001. Area effects of bednet use in a malaria-endemic area in Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :7–13.
-
7
Howard SC, Omumbo J, Nevill C, Some ES, Donnelly CA, Snow RW, 2000. Evidence for a mass community effect of insecticide-treated bednets on the incidence of malaria on the Kenyan coast. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :357–360.
-
8
Binka FN, Indome F, Smith T, 1998. Impact of spatial distribution of permethrin-impregnated bed nets on child mortality in rural northern Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :80–85.
-
9
Quinones ML, Lines J, Thomson MC, Jawara M, Greenwood BM, 1998. Permethrin-treated bed nets do not have a ‘mass-killing effect’ on village populations of Anopheles gambiae s.l. in The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :373–378.
-
10
Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Kolczak MS, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya. II: Study design and methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):10–15.
-
11
Alaii JA, Hawley WA, Kolczak MS, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Vulule JM, Odhacha A, Oloo AJ, Nahlen BL, Phillips-Howard PA, 2003. Factors affecting use of permethrin-treated bed nets during a randomized-controlled trial in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):137–141.
-
12
Hightower AW, Ombok M, Otieno R, Odhiambo R, Oloo AJ, Lal AA, Nahlen BL, Hawley WA, 1998. A geographic information system applied to a malaria field study in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :266–272.
-
13
Hightower AW, Ombok O, Otieno R, Odhiambo R, Oloo AJ, Lal AA, Nahlen BL, Hawley WA, 2000. A geographical information system applied to a malaria field study. Bigman D, ed. Geographical Targeting for Poverty Alleviation: Methodology and Applications. Geneva: World Health Organization, 258–276.
-
15
USGS, 1987. Map Projections - A Working Manual. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Professional Paper 1395, 30, formula 5–3a.
-
16
ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Phillips-Howard PA, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Kolczak MS, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kwena AM, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria and all cause morbidity in young children in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya: Cross-sectional survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):100–107.
-
17
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, ter Kuile FO, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Arudo J, Vulule JM, Odhacha A, Kachur SP, Schoute E, Rosen DH, Sexton JD, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. Efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets in the prevention of mortality in young children in an area of high perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):23–29.
-
18
SAS Institute, 1999. SAS User’s Guide. Version 8. First Edition. Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
-
19
Lengeler C, 2000. Insecticide-treated bednets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 320: CD000363.
-
20
Guyatt HL Snow RW, 2002. The cost of not treating bednets. Trends Parasitol 18 :12–16.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 3391 | 2593 | 291 |
| Full Text Views | 1360 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 434 | 18 | 0 |
COMMUNITY-WIDE EFFECTS OF PERMETHRIN-TREATED BED NETS ON CHILD MORTALITY AND MALARIA MORBIDITY IN WESTERN KENYA
WILLIAM A. HAWLEY
WILLIAM A. HAWLEY
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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PENELOPE A. PHILLIPS-HOWARD
PENELOPE A. PHILLIPS-HOWARD
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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FEIKO O. TER KUILE
FEIKO O. TER KUILE
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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DIANNE J. TERLOUW
DIANNE J. TERLOUW
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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JOHN M. VULULE
JOHN M. VULULE
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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MAURICE OMBOK
MAURICE OMBOK
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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BERNARD L. NAHLEN
BERNARD L. NAHLEN
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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JOHN E. GIMNIG
JOHN E. GIMNIG
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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SIMON K. KARIUKI
SIMON K. KARIUKI
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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MARGARETTE S. KOLCZAK
MARGARETTE S. KOLCZAK
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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ALLEN W. HIGHTOWER
ALLEN W. HIGHTOWER
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Spatial analyses of the effect of insecticide (permethrin)-treated bed nets (ITNs) on nearby households both with and without ITNs was performed in the context of a large-scale, group-randomized, controlled mortality trial in Asembo, western Kenya. Results illustrate a protective effect of ITNs on compounds lacking ITNs located within 300 meters of compounds with ITNs for child mortality, moderate anemia, high-density parasitemia, and hemoglobin levels. This community effect on nearby compounds without nets is approximately as strong as the effect observed within villages with ITNs. This implies that in areas with intense malaria transmission with high ITN coverage, the primary effect of insecticide-treated nets is via area-wide effects on the mosquito population and not, as commonly supposed, by simple imposition of a physical barrier protecting individuals from biting. The strength of the community effect depended upon the proportion of nearby compounds with treated nets. To maximize their public health impact, high coverage with treated nets is essential.
Author Notes
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-
1
Lines J, Myamba J, Curtis CF, 1987. Experimental hut trials of permethrin-impregnated mosquito nets and eave curtains against malaria vectors in Tanzania. Med Vet Entomol 1 :37–51.
-
2
Maxwell C, Myamba J, Njunwa KJ, Greenwood BM, Curtis CF, 1999. Comparison of bednets impregnated with different pyrethroids for their impact on mosquitoes and on re-infection with malaria after clearance of pre-existing infections with chloroproguanil-dapsone. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :4–11.
-
3
Maxwell CA Msuya E, Sudi M, Njunwa KJ, Carneiro IA, Curtis CF, 2002. Effect of community-wide use of insecticide-treated nets for 3–4 years on malarial morbidity in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 7 :1003–1008.
-
4
Gimnig JE, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, Vulule JM, Schoute E, Kamau L, Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Hawley WA, 2003. Effect of permethrin-treated bed nets on the spatial distribution of malaria vectors in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):115–120.
-
5
Smith T, Hii JLK, Genton B, Muller I, Booth M, Gibson N, Narara A, Alpers A, 2001. Associations of peak shifts in age-prevalence for human malarias with bednet coverage. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :1–6.
-
6
Hii JLK, Smith T, Vounatsou P, Alexander N, Mai A, Ibam E, Alpers MP, 2001. Area effects of bednet use in a malaria-endemic area in Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :7–13.
-
7
Howard SC, Omumbo J, Nevill C, Some ES, Donnelly CA, Snow RW, 2000. Evidence for a mass community effect of insecticide-treated bednets on the incidence of malaria on the Kenyan coast. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :357–360.
-
8
Binka FN, Indome F, Smith T, 1998. Impact of spatial distribution of permethrin-impregnated bed nets on child mortality in rural northern Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :80–85.
-
9
Quinones ML, Lines J, Thomson MC, Jawara M, Greenwood BM, 1998. Permethrin-treated bed nets do not have a ‘mass-killing effect’ on village populations of Anopheles gambiae s.l. in The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :373–378.
-
10
Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Kolczak MS, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya. II: Study design and methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):10–15.
-
11
Alaii JA, Hawley WA, Kolczak MS, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Vulule JM, Odhacha A, Oloo AJ, Nahlen BL, Phillips-Howard PA, 2003. Factors affecting use of permethrin-treated bed nets during a randomized-controlled trial in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):137–141.
-
12
Hightower AW, Ombok M, Otieno R, Odhiambo R, Oloo AJ, Lal AA, Nahlen BL, Hawley WA, 1998. A geographic information system applied to a malaria field study in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :266–272.
-
13
Hightower AW, Ombok O, Otieno R, Odhiambo R, Oloo AJ, Lal AA, Nahlen BL, Hawley WA, 2000. A geographical information system applied to a malaria field study. Bigman D, ed. Geographical Targeting for Poverty Alleviation: Methodology and Applications. Geneva: World Health Organization, 258–276.
-
15
USGS, 1987. Map Projections - A Working Manual. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Professional Paper 1395, 30, formula 5–3a.
-
16
ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Phillips-Howard PA, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Kolczak MS, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kwena AM, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria and all cause morbidity in young children in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya: Cross-sectional survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):100–107.
-
17
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, ter Kuile FO, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Arudo J, Vulule JM, Odhacha A, Kachur SP, Schoute E, Rosen DH, Sexton JD, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. Efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets in the prevention of mortality in young children in an area of high perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):23–29.
-
18
SAS Institute, 1999. SAS User’s Guide. Version 8. First Edition. Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
-
19
Lengeler C, 2000. Insecticide-treated bednets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 320: CD000363.
-
20
Guyatt HL Snow RW, 2002. The cost of not treating bednets. Trends Parasitol 18 :12–16.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3391 | 2593 | 291 |
| Full Text Views | 1360 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 434 | 18 | 0 |