ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Morris CD, 1988. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–20.
-
2
Scott TW, Weaver SC, 1989. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. Adv Virus Res 37 :277–328.
-
3
Crans WJ, 1962. Bloodmeal preference studies with New Jersey mosquitoes. Proc N J Mosq Extermin Assoc 49 :120–126.
-
4
Crans WJ, 1996. Eastern Equine encephalitis in New Jersey during 1994. Proc N J Mosq Control Assoc 82 :127–131.
-
5
Crans WJ, Caccamise DF, McNelly JR, 1994. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in relation to the avian community of a coastal cedar swamp. J Med Entomol 31 :711–728.
-
6
Day JF, Stark LM, 1996. Eastern equine encephalitis transmission to emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) in Volusia County, Florida: 1992 through 1994. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12 :429–436.
-
7
Crans WJ, Schulze TL, 1986. Evidence incriminating Coquillettidia perturbans (Diptera: Culicidae) as an epizootic vector of eastern equine encephalitis. I. Isolation of EEE virus from C. perturbans during an epizootic among horses in New Jersey. Bull Soc Vector Ecol 11 :178–184.
-
8
Villari P, Spielman A, Komar N, McDowell M, Timperi R, 1995. The economic burden imposed by a residual case of eastern encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :8–13.
-
9
Bigler WJ, Lassing EB, Buff EE, Prather EC, Beck EC, Hoff GL, 1976. Endemic eastern equine encephalomyelitis in Florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1955–1974. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25 :884–890.
-
10
Day JF, Stark LM, 1996. Transmission patterns of St. Louis encephalitis and eastern equine encephalitis viruses in Florida: 1978–1993. J Med Entomol 33 :132–139.
-
11
Mitchell CJ, Morris CD, Smith GC, Karabatsos N, Vanlandingham D, Cody E, 1996. Arboviruses associated with mosquitoes from nine Florida counties during 1993. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12 :255–262.
-
12
Deming WG, 1996. A decade of economic change and population shifts in U.S. regions. Monthly Labor Rev 119 :3–12.
-
13
Edman JD, Evans FDS, Williams JA, 1968. Development of a diurnal resting box to collect Culiseta melanura (Coquillett). Am J Trop Med Hyg 17 :451–456.
-
14
Armstrong P, Borovsky D, Shope RE, Morris CD, Mitchell CJ, Karabatsos N, Komar N, Spielman A, 1995. Sensitive and specific colorimetric dot assay to detect eastern equine encephalomyelitis viral RNA in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) after polymerase chain reaction amplification. J Med Entomol 32 :42–52.
-
15
Nasci RS, Mitchell CJ, 1996. Arbovirus titer variation in field-collected mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12 :167–171.
-
16
Lee J-H, Tennessen K, Lilley BH, Unnasch TR, 2002. Simultaneous detection of three mosquito-borne encephalitis viruses (eastern equine, LaCrosse and St. Louis) using a single tube multiplex reverse transcription-PCR assay. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 18 :26–31.
-
17
Murakami S, Takahashi Y, Yoshida S, Fuke I, Ohmae K, Mori C, Takagi M, Takamizawa A, Okayama H, 1994. Highly sensitive detection of viral RNA genomes in blood specimens by an optimized reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. J Med Virol 43 :175–181.
-
18
Chamberlain RW, Sikes RK, Nelson DB, Sudia WD, 1954. Studies on the North American arthropod-borne encephalitides: VI. Quantitative determinations of virus-vector relationships. Am J Hyg 60 :278–285.
-
19
Wozniak A, Dowda HE, Tolson MW, Karabatsos N, Vaughan DR, Turner PE, Ortiz DI, Wills W, 2001. Arbovirus surveillance in South Carolina 1996–98. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 17 :73–78.
-
20
Pecor JE, Mallampalli VL, Harbach RE, Peyton EL, 1992. Catalog and illustrated review of the subgenus Melanoconion of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae). Control Am Entomol Inst 27 :1–228.
-
21
Lothrop BB, Meyer RP, Reisen WK, H. L, 1995. Occurrence of Culex (Melanoconion) erraticus (Diptera: Culicidae) in California. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 11 :367–368.
-
22
Shope RE, de Andrade AHP, Bensabath G, Causey OR, Humphrey PS, 1966. The epidemiology of EEE, WEE, SLE and Turlock viruses, with special reference to birds, in a tropical rain forest near Belem, Brazil. Am J Epidemiol 84 :467–477.
-
23
Downs WG, Aitken THG, Spence L, 1959. Eastern equine encephalitis virus isolated from Culex nigripalpus in Trinidad. Science 130 :1471.
-
24
Srihongse S, Galindo P, 1967. The isolation of eastern equine encephalitis virus from Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus Dyar and Knab in Panama. Mosq News 27 :74–76.
-
25
Walder R, Suarez OM, Calisher CH, 1984. Arbovirus studies in southwestern Venezuela during 1973–1981. II Isolations and further studies of Venezuelan and eastern equine encephalitis, Una, Itaqui and Moju viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :483–491.
-
26
Robertson LC, Prior S, Apperson CS, Irby WS, 1993. Bionomics of Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Culex erraticus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Falls Lake basin, North Carolina: seasonal changes in abundance and gonotrophic status, and host-feeding patterns. J Med Entomol 30 :689–698.
-
27
Klein TA, Young DG, Telford SR, 1987. Vector incrimination and experimental transmission of Plasmodium floridense by bites of infected Culex (Melanoconion) erraticus.J Am Mosq Control Assoc 3 :165–175.
-
28
King WV, Bradley GH, Smith CN, McDuffie WC, 1960. A Handbook of the Mosquitoes of the Southeastern United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Handbook #173, 188.
-
29
Ross HH, 1947. The mosquitoes of Illinois (Diptera, Culicidae). Ill Nat Hist Surv Bull 24 :1–96.
-
30
Morris CD, Larson VL, Lounibos LP, 1991. Measuring mosquito dispersal for control programs. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 7 :608–615.
-
31
Mitchell CJ, Francy DB, Monath TP, 1980. Arthropod vectors. Monath TP, Reeves WC, eds. St. Louis Encephalitis. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 313–379.
-
32
Williams JE, Young OP, Watts DM, 1974. Relationship of density of Culiseta melanura mosquitoes to infection of wild birds with eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses. J Med Entomol 3 :352–354.
-
33
Stamm DD, Chamberlain RW, Sudia WD, 1962. Arbovirus studies in south Alabama 1957–58. Am J Hyg 76 :61–81.
-
34
Sudia WD, Chamberlain RW, Coleman PH, 1968. Arbovirus isolations from mosquitoes collected in South Alabama, 1959–1963, and serological evidence of human infection. Am J Epidemiol 87 :112–126.
-
35
Remington CL, 1945. The feeding habits of Uranotaenia lowii.Entomol News 56 :32–37.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 757 | 588 | 24 |
| Full Text Views | 362 | 16 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 143 | 10 | 0 |
TRANSMISSION OF EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS IN CENTRAL ALABAMA
EDDIE W. CUPP
EDDIE W. CUPP
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Division of Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
Search for other papers by EDDIE W. CUPP in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by EDDIE W. CUPP in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
KIMBERLY KLINGLER
KIMBERLY KLINGLER
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Division of Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
Search for other papers by KIMBERLY KLINGLER in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by KIMBERLY KLINGLER in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
HASSAN K. HASSAN
HASSAN K. HASSAN
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Division of Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
Search for other papers by HASSAN K. HASSAN in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by HASSAN K. HASSAN in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
LESLIE M. VIGUERS
LESLIE M. VIGUERS
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Division of Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
Search for other papers by LESLIE M. VIGUERS in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by LESLIE M. VIGUERS in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
THOMAS R. UNNASCH
THOMAS R. UNNASCH
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Division of Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
Search for other papers by THOMAS R. UNNASCH in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by THOMAS R. UNNASCH in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
A site near Tuskegee, Alabama was examined for vector activity of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus in 2001. More than 23,000 mosquitoes representing 8 genera and 34 species were collected during a 21-week period, and five species, Culiseta melanura, Aedes vexans, Coquillettidia perturbans, Culex erraticus, and Uranotaenia sapphirina, were examined for the presence of virus using a nested reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction for EEE virus. Each species was infected at various times of the mosquito season (May–September) with different minimum infection rates (MIRs). Culiseta melanura had the highest MIR (20.2) and positive pools were detected from late May to mid-September. Aedes vexans had an MIR of 2.2 and was infected early in the season (June), while Cq. perturbans exhibited a much higher field infection rate (9.9) with all positive pools collected in August. Culiseta melanura is a likely endemic vector in central Alabama, while Ae. vexans and Cq. perturbans probably function as bridge vectors. Culex erraticus, the most common mosquito in the habitat (54% of total collections), had an MIR of 3.2, and was persistently infected from mid-June to mid-September. This is the first report of high rates of EEE virus infection in this species, a member of the tropical subgenus Melanoconion. Uranotaenia sapphirina, considered to feed on amphibians and possibly reptiles, had an MIR of 5.6, with positive pools spanning a four-month period. This suggests that species other than birds may serve as a reservoir for EEE in hardwood swamps in the Southeastern United States and elsewhere. The lengthy period of mosquito infection with EEE virus, coupled with the diverse habits of the vectors and their proximity to a population center, indicate the importance of monitoring EEE virus activity in the Mid-South.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Morris CD, 1988. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–20.
-
2
Scott TW, Weaver SC, 1989. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. Adv Virus Res 37 :277–328.
-
3
Crans WJ, 1962. Bloodmeal preference studies with New Jersey mosquitoes. Proc N J Mosq Extermin Assoc 49 :120–126.
-
4
Crans WJ, 1996. Eastern Equine encephalitis in New Jersey during 1994. Proc N J Mosq Control Assoc 82 :127–131.
-
5
Crans WJ, Caccamise DF, McNelly JR, 1994. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in relation to the avian community of a coastal cedar swamp. J Med Entomol 31 :711–728.
-
6
Day JF, Stark LM, 1996. Eastern equine encephalitis transmission to emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) in Volusia County, Florida: 1992 through 1994. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12 :429–436.
-
7
Crans WJ, Schulze TL, 1986. Evidence incriminating Coquillettidia perturbans (Diptera: Culicidae) as an epizootic vector of eastern equine encephalitis. I. Isolation of EEE virus from C. perturbans during an epizootic among horses in New Jersey. Bull Soc Vector Ecol 11 :178–184.
-
8
Villari P, Spielman A, Komar N, McDowell M, Timperi R, 1995. The economic burden imposed by a residual case of eastern encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :8–13.
-
9
Bigler WJ, Lassing EB, Buff EE, Prather EC, Beck EC, Hoff GL, 1976. Endemic eastern equine encephalomyelitis in Florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1955–1974. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25 :884–890.
-
10
Day JF, Stark LM, 1996. Transmission patterns of St. Louis encephalitis and eastern equine encephalitis viruses in Florida: 1978–1993. J Med Entomol 33 :132–139.
-
11
Mitchell CJ, Morris CD, Smith GC, Karabatsos N, Vanlandingham D, Cody E, 1996. Arboviruses associated with mosquitoes from nine Florida counties during 1993. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12 :255–262.
-
12
Deming WG, 1996. A decade of economic change and population shifts in U.S. regions. Monthly Labor Rev 119 :3–12.
-
13
Edman JD, Evans FDS, Williams JA, 1968. Development of a diurnal resting box to collect Culiseta melanura (Coquillett). Am J Trop Med Hyg 17 :451–456.
-
14
Armstrong P, Borovsky D, Shope RE, Morris CD, Mitchell CJ, Karabatsos N, Komar N, Spielman A, 1995. Sensitive and specific colorimetric dot assay to detect eastern equine encephalomyelitis viral RNA in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) after polymerase chain reaction amplification. J Med Entomol 32 :42–52.
-
15
Nasci RS, Mitchell CJ, 1996. Arbovirus titer variation in field-collected mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12 :167–171.
-
16
Lee J-H, Tennessen K, Lilley BH, Unnasch TR, 2002. Simultaneous detection of three mosquito-borne encephalitis viruses (eastern equine, LaCrosse and St. Louis) using a single tube multiplex reverse transcription-PCR assay. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 18 :26–31.
-
17
Murakami S, Takahashi Y, Yoshida S, Fuke I, Ohmae K, Mori C, Takagi M, Takamizawa A, Okayama H, 1994. Highly sensitive detection of viral RNA genomes in blood specimens by an optimized reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. J Med Virol 43 :175–181.
-
18
Chamberlain RW, Sikes RK, Nelson DB, Sudia WD, 1954. Studies on the North American arthropod-borne encephalitides: VI. Quantitative determinations of virus-vector relationships. Am J Hyg 60 :278–285.
-
19
Wozniak A, Dowda HE, Tolson MW, Karabatsos N, Vaughan DR, Turner PE, Ortiz DI, Wills W, 2001. Arbovirus surveillance in South Carolina 1996–98. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 17 :73–78.
-
20
Pecor JE, Mallampalli VL, Harbach RE, Peyton EL, 1992. Catalog and illustrated review of the subgenus Melanoconion of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae). Control Am Entomol Inst 27 :1–228.
-
21
Lothrop BB, Meyer RP, Reisen WK, H. L, 1995. Occurrence of Culex (Melanoconion) erraticus (Diptera: Culicidae) in California. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 11 :367–368.
-
22
Shope RE, de Andrade AHP, Bensabath G, Causey OR, Humphrey PS, 1966. The epidemiology of EEE, WEE, SLE and Turlock viruses, with special reference to birds, in a tropical rain forest near Belem, Brazil. Am J Epidemiol 84 :467–477.
-
23
Downs WG, Aitken THG, Spence L, 1959. Eastern equine encephalitis virus isolated from Culex nigripalpus in Trinidad. Science 130 :1471.
-
24
Srihongse S, Galindo P, 1967. The isolation of eastern equine encephalitis virus from Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus Dyar and Knab in Panama. Mosq News 27 :74–76.
-
25
Walder R, Suarez OM, Calisher CH, 1984. Arbovirus studies in southwestern Venezuela during 1973–1981. II Isolations and further studies of Venezuelan and eastern equine encephalitis, Una, Itaqui and Moju viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :483–491.
-
26
Robertson LC, Prior S, Apperson CS, Irby WS, 1993. Bionomics of Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Culex erraticus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Falls Lake basin, North Carolina: seasonal changes in abundance and gonotrophic status, and host-feeding patterns. J Med Entomol 30 :689–698.
-
27
Klein TA, Young DG, Telford SR, 1987. Vector incrimination and experimental transmission of Plasmodium floridense by bites of infected Culex (Melanoconion) erraticus.J Am Mosq Control Assoc 3 :165–175.
-
28
King WV, Bradley GH, Smith CN, McDuffie WC, 1960. A Handbook of the Mosquitoes of the Southeastern United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Handbook #173, 188.
-
29
Ross HH, 1947. The mosquitoes of Illinois (Diptera, Culicidae). Ill Nat Hist Surv Bull 24 :1–96.
-
30
Morris CD, Larson VL, Lounibos LP, 1991. Measuring mosquito dispersal for control programs. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 7 :608–615.
-
31
Mitchell CJ, Francy DB, Monath TP, 1980. Arthropod vectors. Monath TP, Reeves WC, eds. St. Louis Encephalitis. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 313–379.
-
32
Williams JE, Young OP, Watts DM, 1974. Relationship of density of Culiseta melanura mosquitoes to infection of wild birds with eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses. J Med Entomol 3 :352–354.
-
33
Stamm DD, Chamberlain RW, Sudia WD, 1962. Arbovirus studies in south Alabama 1957–58. Am J Hyg 76 :61–81.
-
34
Sudia WD, Chamberlain RW, Coleman PH, 1968. Arbovirus isolations from mosquitoes collected in South Alabama, 1959–1963, and serological evidence of human infection. Am J Epidemiol 87 :112–126.
-
35
Remington CL, 1945. The feeding habits of Uranotaenia lowii.Entomol News 56 :32–37.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 757 | 588 | 24 |
| Full Text Views | 362 | 16 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 143 | 10 | 0 |