ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Walton TE, Grayson, MA, 1988. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Volume IV. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 203–231.
-
2
Walton TE, Alvarez O, Buckwalter RM, Johnson KM, 1973. Experimental infection of horses with enzootic and epizootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. J Infect Dis 128 :271–282.
-
3
Albornoz AE, 1935. La peste loca de las bestias (Enfermedad de Borna). Bol Agric (Suppl) Min Agr Com Bogota 26 :1–8.
-
4
Sellers RF, Bergold GH, Suarez OM, Morales A, 1965. Investigation during Venezuelan equine encephalitis outbreaks in Venezuela 1962–1964. Am J Trop Med Hyg 14 :460–469.
-
5
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995. Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis - Columbia, 1995. MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 44 :721–724.
-
6
Kisslinger RE, Chamberlin RW, Nelson DB, Stamm DD, 1956. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in horses. Am J Hyg 63 :274–287.
-
7
Gleiser CA, Gochenour JR, Berge TO, Tigertt WD, 1962. The comparative pathology of experimental Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis infection in different animal hosts. J Infect Dis 110 :80–97.
-
8
Victor J, Smith DG, Pollack AD, 1966. The comparative pathology of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. J Infect Dis 98 :55–66.
-
9
Johnson KM, Shelokov A, Peralta HP, Damming GJ, Young NA, 1968. Recovery of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in Panama. A fatal case in man. Am J Trop Med Hyg 17 :432–440.
-
10
Roberts ED, Sanmartin C, Payan J, Mackenzie RB, 1970. Neuropathologic changes on 15 horses with naturally occurring Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Am J Vet Res 31 :1223–1229.
-
11
Monlux WS, Luedke AJ, 1973. Brain and spinal chord lesions in horses inoculated with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus (epidemic American and Trinidad strains). Am J Vet Res 34 :465–473.
-
12
Allen R, Sims RA, Sulkin SE, 1974. Characteristics of experimental Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus infection. Tex Rep Biol Med 32 :603–604.
-
13
Payan J, Adams GL, Mackeniz LB, 1976. Estudios histopatologicos de la encefalomielitis equine Venezolana en Asnos. Rev ICA Bogota 11 :373–386.
-
14
de la Monte S, Castro F, Bonilla NJ, Gaskin de Urdeneta A, Hutchins GM, 1985. The systemic pathology of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection in human. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34 :194–202.
-
15
Dietz WH, Alvarez O, Martin DH, Walton TE, Ackerman LJ, Johnson KM, 1978. Enzootic and epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in horses infected by peripheral and intrathecal routes. J Infect Dis 137 :227–237.
-
16
Martin DH, Dietz WH, Alvarez O, Johnson KM, 1982. Epidemiological significance of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in vitro markers. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31 :561–568.
-
17
Young NA, Johnson KM, 1969. Antigenic variants of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus: their geographic distribution and epidemiology significance. Am J Epidemiol 89 :286–307.
-
18
Grayson MA, Galindo P, 1968. Epidemiologic studies of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in Almirante, Panama. Am J Epidemiol 88 :80–96.
-
19
Scherer WF, Dickerman RW, Diaz-Najera A, Ward BA, Miller MH, Schaffer PA, 1971. Ecological studies of Venezuelan encephalitis virus in southern Mexico. III. Infection of mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 20 :969–979.
-
20
Scherer WF, Dickerman RW, Wong Chia C, Ventura A, Moore-house A, Geiger R, 1964. Venezuelan equine encephalitis in Veracruz, Mexico, and the use of hamsters as sentinels. Science 145 :274–275.
-
21
Scherer WF, Dickerman RW, Ordonez JV, 1970. Discovery and geographic distribution of Venezuelan encephalitis virus in Guatemala, Honduras, and British Honduras during 1965–1968, and its possible movement to Central America and Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19 :703–711.
-
22
Cupp EW, Scherer FW, Lok JB, Brenneer RJ, Dziem GM, Ordonez JV, 1986. Entomological studies at an enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus focus in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :851–859.
-
23
Turell MJ, Barth J, Coleman RE, 1999. Potential for Central American mosquitoes to transmit epizootic and enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 15 :295–298.
-
24
Antonio Morilla-Gonalez MVZ, de Mucha-Macia J, 1969. Estudio de epizootia de equina de Venezuela ocurrida en Tamaulipas, Mexico. Rev Invest Salud Publica 29 :1–20.
-
25
Franck PT, Johnson KM, 1971, An outbreak of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in Central America. Evidence for exogenous source of a virulent virus subtype. Am J Epidemiol 94 :487–495.
-
26
Oberste MS, Fraire M, Navarro R, Zepeda C, Zarate ML, Ludwig GV, Kondig JF, Weaver SC, Smith JF, Rico-Hesse R, 1998. Association of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE with two equine epizootic in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :100–107.
-
27
Scherer WF, Campillo-Sainz C, de Mucha-Macia J, Dickerman RW, Wong Chia C, Zarate ML, 1972. Ecological studies of Venezuelan encephalitis virus in southern Mexico. VII. Infection in man. Am J Trop Med Hyg 21 :79–85.
-
28
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1993. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. Richmond JY, McKinney RW, eds. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
-
29
Tikasingh ES, Spence L, Downs WG, 1966. The use of adjuvant and sarcoma 180 cells in the production of mouse hyperimmune ascitic fluids to arboviruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 15 :219–226.
-
30
Roehrig JT, Mathews JH, 1985. The neutralization site on the E2 glycoprotein of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (TC-83) virus is composed of multiple conformationally stable epitopes. Virology 142: 347–356.
-
31
Rico-Hesse R, Roehrig JT, Dickerman RT, 1988. Monoclonal antibodies define antigenic variation in the ID variety of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 38 :187–194.
-
32
Roehrig JT, Bolin RA, Hunt A, Woodward TM, 1991. Use of a new syntheticpeptide-derived monoclonal antibody to differentiate between a vaccine and wild-type Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses. J Clin Microbiol 29 :630–631.
-
33
Roehrig JT, Bolin RA, 1997. Monoclonal antibodies capable of distinguishing epizootic from enzootic varieties of subtype 1 Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in a rapid indirect immunofluorescence assay. J Clin Microbiol 35 :1887–1890.
-
34
Sahu SP, Alstad AD, Pedersen DD, Pierson JE, 1994. Diagnosis of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in horses by immunoglobulin M and G capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Vet Diagn Invest 6 :34–38.
-
35
Hunt AR, Roehrig JT, 1985. Biochemical and biological characteristics of epitopes on the E1 glycoprotein of western equine encephalitis virus. Virology 142 :334–346.
-
36
Chamberlin, RW, 1972. Venezuelan equine encephalitis: infection of mosquitoes and transmission. Venezuelan Encephalitis. Washington DC: Pan American Health Organization, 144–147.
-
37
Woodward TM, Miller BR, Beaty BR, Trent DW, Roehrig JT, 1991. A single amino acid change in the E2 glycoprotein of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus affects replication and dissemination in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. J Gen Virol 72 :2431–2435.
-
38
Kinney RM, Tsuchiya KR, Sneider JM, Trent DW, 1992. Genetic evidence that epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus may have evolved from the enzootic VEE subtype I-D virus. Virology 191 :569–580.
-
39
Davis NL, Griender FB, Smith JF, Greenwald GF, Valenski ML, Sellon DC, Charles PC, Johnston RE, 1994. A molecular genetic approach to the study of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus pathogenesis. Arch Virol 9 :99–109.
-
40
Wang E, Barrera R, Boshell J, Ferro C, Freier JE, Navarro JC, Salas R, Vasquez C, Weaver S, 1999. Genetic and Phenotypic changes accompanying the emergence of epizootic subtype IC Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus from an enzootic subtype ID progenitor. J Virol 73 :4266–4271.
-
41
Turell MJ, Ludwig GV, Kondig J, Smith JE, 1999. Limited potential for mosquitoes transmission of genetically engineered, live-attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine candidates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :1041–1044.
-
42
Oberste MS, Schmura SM, Weaver SC, Smith J, 1999. Geographic distribution of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE genotype in Central America and Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :630–634.
-
43
Watts DM, Lavera V, Callahan J, Rossi C, Oberste MS, Roehrig JT, Cropp CB, Karabatsos N, Smith JF, Gubler DJ, Wooster MT, Nelson WM, Hayes CG, 1997. Venezuelan equine encephalitis and Oropouche virus infections among Peruvian army troops in the Amazon region of Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :661–667.
-
44
Oberste MS, Scott C, Weaver SC, Watts DM, Smith JF, 1998. Identification and genetic analysis of Panama-Genotype Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype ID in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :41–46.
-
45
Hommel D, Heraud JM, Hulin A, 2000. Association of Tonate virus subtype IIIB of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex with encephalitis in a human. Clin Infect Dis 30 :188–190.
-
46
Zientara S, Sailleau C, Moulay S, Cruciere C, el-Harrak M, Laegreid WW, Hamblin C, 1998. Use of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and dot-blot hybridisation for the detection and identification of African horse sickness virus nucleic acid. Arch Virol (Suppl)14 :317–327.
-
47
Linssen B, Kinney RM, Aguilar P, Russell KL, Watts DM, Kaaden OR, Pfeffer M, 2000. Development of an RT-PCR assay specific for detection of equine encephalitis viruses. J Clin Microbiol 38 :1527–1535.
-
48
Billinis C, Koumbati M, Spyrou V, Nomikou K, Mangana O, Panagiotidis CA, Papadopoulos O, 2001. Bluetongue virus diagnosis of clinical cases by a duplex reverse transcription-PCR: a comparison with conventional methods. J Virol Methods 98 :77–89.
-
49
Kramer LD, Chiles RE, Do TD, Fallah HM, 2001. Detection of St. Louis encephalitis and WEEV RNA in mosquitoes tested without maintenance of a cold chain. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 17 :213–215.
-
50
Weaver SC, Salas R, Rico-Hesse R, Ludwig GV, Oberste MS, Boshell J, 1996. Re-emergence of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in South America. Lancet 348 :436–440.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 73 | 37 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 483 | 7 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 69 | 10 | 2 |
PATHOGENICITY OF A VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS SEROTYPE IE VIRUS ISOLATE FOR PONIES
SUDHIR P. SAHU
SUDHIR P. SAHU
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa
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DOUGLAS D. PEDERSEN
DOUGLAS D. PEDERSEN
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa
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ALLEN L. JENNY
ALLEN L. JENNY
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa
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BEVERLY J. SCHMITT
BEVERLY J. SCHMITT
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa
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ARNOLD D. ALSTAD
ARNOLD D. ALSTAD
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa
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The enzootic or endemic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus (ID, IE, IF, and II-VI) are considered avirulent. In 1993 and 1996, outbreaks of encephalitis occurred in the horse populations in the Chiapas and Oaxaca provinces of Mexico, respectively. In both instances, enzootic VEE virus subserotype IE was isolated from brain tissues of dead horses. The present study investigated the pathogenicity of the Chiapas viral isolate (NVSL VEE IE 93-42124) in ponies. Three ponies were inoculated intradermally with 4, 5, and 6 logs, respectively, of the NVSL VEE IE 93-42124 viral isolate. All ponies showed fluctuations in body temperature, encephalitis, and other signs of infection with VEE virus. Virus was isolated only from the blood of ponies from day 1 to day 3 postinfection. Microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin–stained tissue sections showed mild to moderate nonsuppurative encephalitis, perivascular cuffing by mononuclear cells, gliosis, and meningoencephalitis. Antibody (IgM) to VEE virus IE was unable to differentiate between various subserotypes of VEE I viruses (serotypes IAB, IC, ID, and IF). Virus neutralizing antibody titers to heterologous VEE I viruses were 10–100-fold less than those for NVSL VEE IE 93-42124 virus and Mena II, a human isolate of VEE IE virus. The study confirmed that NVSL VEE IE 93-42124 virus, which was isolated from a brain of a horse during an outbreak of VEE in Chiapas, Mexico, was pathogenic for ponies.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Walton TE, Grayson, MA, 1988. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Volume IV. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 203–231.
-
2
Walton TE, Alvarez O, Buckwalter RM, Johnson KM, 1973. Experimental infection of horses with enzootic and epizootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. J Infect Dis 128 :271–282.
-
3
Albornoz AE, 1935. La peste loca de las bestias (Enfermedad de Borna). Bol Agric (Suppl) Min Agr Com Bogota 26 :1–8.
-
4
Sellers RF, Bergold GH, Suarez OM, Morales A, 1965. Investigation during Venezuelan equine encephalitis outbreaks in Venezuela 1962–1964. Am J Trop Med Hyg 14 :460–469.
-
5
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995. Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis - Columbia, 1995. MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 44 :721–724.
-
6
Kisslinger RE, Chamberlin RW, Nelson DB, Stamm DD, 1956. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in horses. Am J Hyg 63 :274–287.
-
7
Gleiser CA, Gochenour JR, Berge TO, Tigertt WD, 1962. The comparative pathology of experimental Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis infection in different animal hosts. J Infect Dis 110 :80–97.
-
8
Victor J, Smith DG, Pollack AD, 1966. The comparative pathology of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. J Infect Dis 98 :55–66.
-
9
Johnson KM, Shelokov A, Peralta HP, Damming GJ, Young NA, 1968. Recovery of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in Panama. A fatal case in man. Am J Trop Med Hyg 17 :432–440.
-
10
Roberts ED, Sanmartin C, Payan J, Mackenzie RB, 1970. Neuropathologic changes on 15 horses with naturally occurring Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Am J Vet Res 31 :1223–1229.
-
11
Monlux WS, Luedke AJ, 1973. Brain and spinal chord lesions in horses inoculated with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus (epidemic American and Trinidad strains). Am J Vet Res 34 :465–473.
-
12
Allen R, Sims RA, Sulkin SE, 1974. Characteristics of experimental Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus infection. Tex Rep Biol Med 32 :603–604.
-
13
Payan J, Adams GL, Mackeniz LB, 1976. Estudios histopatologicos de la encefalomielitis equine Venezolana en Asnos. Rev ICA Bogota 11 :373–386.
-
14
de la Monte S, Castro F, Bonilla NJ, Gaskin de Urdeneta A, Hutchins GM, 1985. The systemic pathology of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection in human. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34 :194–202.
-
15
Dietz WH, Alvarez O, Martin DH, Walton TE, Ackerman LJ, Johnson KM, 1978. Enzootic and epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in horses infected by peripheral and intrathecal routes. J Infect Dis 137 :227–237.
-
16
Martin DH, Dietz WH, Alvarez O, Johnson KM, 1982. Epidemiological significance of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in vitro markers. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31 :561–568.
-
17
Young NA, Johnson KM, 1969. Antigenic variants of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus: their geographic distribution and epidemiology significance. Am J Epidemiol 89 :286–307.
-
18
Grayson MA, Galindo P, 1968. Epidemiologic studies of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in Almirante, Panama. Am J Epidemiol 88 :80–96.
-
19
Scherer WF, Dickerman RW, Diaz-Najera A, Ward BA, Miller MH, Schaffer PA, 1971. Ecological studies of Venezuelan encephalitis virus in southern Mexico. III. Infection of mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 20 :969–979.
-
20
Scherer WF, Dickerman RW, Wong Chia C, Ventura A, Moore-house A, Geiger R, 1964. Venezuelan equine encephalitis in Veracruz, Mexico, and the use of hamsters as sentinels. Science 145 :274–275.
-
21
Scherer WF, Dickerman RW, Ordonez JV, 1970. Discovery and geographic distribution of Venezuelan encephalitis virus in Guatemala, Honduras, and British Honduras during 1965–1968, and its possible movement to Central America and Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19 :703–711.
-
22
Cupp EW, Scherer FW, Lok JB, Brenneer RJ, Dziem GM, Ordonez JV, 1986. Entomological studies at an enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus focus in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :851–859.
-
23
Turell MJ, Barth J, Coleman RE, 1999. Potential for Central American mosquitoes to transmit epizootic and enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 15 :295–298.
-
24
Antonio Morilla-Gonalez MVZ, de Mucha-Macia J, 1969. Estudio de epizootia de equina de Venezuela ocurrida en Tamaulipas, Mexico. Rev Invest Salud Publica 29 :1–20.
-
25
Franck PT, Johnson KM, 1971, An outbreak of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in Central America. Evidence for exogenous source of a virulent virus subtype. Am J Epidemiol 94 :487–495.
-
26
Oberste MS, Fraire M, Navarro R, Zepeda C, Zarate ML, Ludwig GV, Kondig JF, Weaver SC, Smith JF, Rico-Hesse R, 1998. Association of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE with two equine epizootic in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :100–107.
-
27
Scherer WF, Campillo-Sainz C, de Mucha-Macia J, Dickerman RW, Wong Chia C, Zarate ML, 1972. Ecological studies of Venezuelan encephalitis virus in southern Mexico. VII. Infection in man. Am J Trop Med Hyg 21 :79–85.
-
28
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1993. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. Richmond JY, McKinney RW, eds. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
-
29
Tikasingh ES, Spence L, Downs WG, 1966. The use of adjuvant and sarcoma 180 cells in the production of mouse hyperimmune ascitic fluids to arboviruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 15 :219–226.
-
30
Roehrig JT, Mathews JH, 1985. The neutralization site on the E2 glycoprotein of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (TC-83) virus is composed of multiple conformationally stable epitopes. Virology 142: 347–356.
-
31
Rico-Hesse R, Roehrig JT, Dickerman RT, 1988. Monoclonal antibodies define antigenic variation in the ID variety of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 38 :187–194.
-
32
Roehrig JT, Bolin RA, Hunt A, Woodward TM, 1991. Use of a new syntheticpeptide-derived monoclonal antibody to differentiate between a vaccine and wild-type Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses. J Clin Microbiol 29 :630–631.
-
33
Roehrig JT, Bolin RA, 1997. Monoclonal antibodies capable of distinguishing epizootic from enzootic varieties of subtype 1 Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in a rapid indirect immunofluorescence assay. J Clin Microbiol 35 :1887–1890.
-
34
Sahu SP, Alstad AD, Pedersen DD, Pierson JE, 1994. Diagnosis of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in horses by immunoglobulin M and G capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Vet Diagn Invest 6 :34–38.
-
35
Hunt AR, Roehrig JT, 1985. Biochemical and biological characteristics of epitopes on the E1 glycoprotein of western equine encephalitis virus. Virology 142 :334–346.
-
36
Chamberlin, RW, 1972. Venezuelan equine encephalitis: infection of mosquitoes and transmission. Venezuelan Encephalitis. Washington DC: Pan American Health Organization, 144–147.
-
37
Woodward TM, Miller BR, Beaty BR, Trent DW, Roehrig JT, 1991. A single amino acid change in the E2 glycoprotein of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus affects replication and dissemination in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. J Gen Virol 72 :2431–2435.
-
38
Kinney RM, Tsuchiya KR, Sneider JM, Trent DW, 1992. Genetic evidence that epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus may have evolved from the enzootic VEE subtype I-D virus. Virology 191 :569–580.
-
39
Davis NL, Griender FB, Smith JF, Greenwald GF, Valenski ML, Sellon DC, Charles PC, Johnston RE, 1994. A molecular genetic approach to the study of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus pathogenesis. Arch Virol 9 :99–109.
-
40
Wang E, Barrera R, Boshell J, Ferro C, Freier JE, Navarro JC, Salas R, Vasquez C, Weaver S, 1999. Genetic and Phenotypic changes accompanying the emergence of epizootic subtype IC Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus from an enzootic subtype ID progenitor. J Virol 73 :4266–4271.
-
41
Turell MJ, Ludwig GV, Kondig J, Smith JE, 1999. Limited potential for mosquitoes transmission of genetically engineered, live-attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine candidates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :1041–1044.
-
42
Oberste MS, Schmura SM, Weaver SC, Smith J, 1999. Geographic distribution of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE genotype in Central America and Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :630–634.
-
43
Watts DM, Lavera V, Callahan J, Rossi C, Oberste MS, Roehrig JT, Cropp CB, Karabatsos N, Smith JF, Gubler DJ, Wooster MT, Nelson WM, Hayes CG, 1997. Venezuelan equine encephalitis and Oropouche virus infections among Peruvian army troops in the Amazon region of Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :661–667.
-
44
Oberste MS, Scott C, Weaver SC, Watts DM, Smith JF, 1998. Identification and genetic analysis of Panama-Genotype Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype ID in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :41–46.
-
45
Hommel D, Heraud JM, Hulin A, 2000. Association of Tonate virus subtype IIIB of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex with encephalitis in a human. Clin Infect Dis 30 :188–190.
-
46
Zientara S, Sailleau C, Moulay S, Cruciere C, el-Harrak M, Laegreid WW, Hamblin C, 1998. Use of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and dot-blot hybridisation for the detection and identification of African horse sickness virus nucleic acid. Arch Virol (Suppl)14 :317–327.
-
47
Linssen B, Kinney RM, Aguilar P, Russell KL, Watts DM, Kaaden OR, Pfeffer M, 2000. Development of an RT-PCR assay specific for detection of equine encephalitis viruses. J Clin Microbiol 38 :1527–1535.
-
48
Billinis C, Koumbati M, Spyrou V, Nomikou K, Mangana O, Panagiotidis CA, Papadopoulos O, 2001. Bluetongue virus diagnosis of clinical cases by a duplex reverse transcription-PCR: a comparison with conventional methods. J Virol Methods 98 :77–89.
-
49
Kramer LD, Chiles RE, Do TD, Fallah HM, 2001. Detection of St. Louis encephalitis and WEEV RNA in mosquitoes tested without maintenance of a cold chain. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 17 :213–215.
-
50
Weaver SC, Salas R, Rico-Hesse R, Ludwig GV, Oberste MS, Boshell J, 1996. Re-emergence of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in South America. Lancet 348 :436–440.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 73 | 37 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 483 | 7 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 69 | 10 | 2 |