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-
1
Patrican LA, 1997. Absence of Lyme disease spirochetes in larval progeny of naturally infected Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) fed on dogs. J Med Entomol 34 :52–55.
-
2
Levin ML, des Vignes F, Fish D, 1999. Disparity in the natural cycles of Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :204–208.
-
3
Mather TN, Ginsberg HS, 1994. Vector-host-pathogen relationships: transmission dynamics of tick-borne infections. Sonenshine D, Mather T, eds. Ecological Dynamics of Tick-Borne Zoonoses. New York: Oxford University Press, 68–90.
-
4
Ostfeld RS, Keesing F, Schauber EM, Schmidt KA, 2002. The ecological context of infectious disease: diversity, habitat fragmentation, and Lyme disease risk in North America. Aguirre A, Ostfeld RS, House CA, Tabor G, Pearl M, eds. Conservation Medicine: Ecological Health in Practice. New York: Oxford University Press, 207–219.
-
5
Barbour AG, Fish D, 1993. The biological and social phenomenon of Lyme disease. Science 260 :1610–1616.
-
6
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. Lyme Disease - United States, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 :29–31.
-
7
Lane RS, Piesman J, Burgdorfer W, 1991. Lyme borreliosis: relation of its causative agent to its vectors and hosts in North America and Europe. Annu Rev Entomol 36 :587–609.
-
8
Ostfeld RS, Keesing F, 2000. Biodiversity and disease risk: the case of Lyme disease. Conserv Biol. 14 :722–728.
-
9
Ostfeld RS, Keesing F, 2000. The role of biodiversity in the ecology of vector-borne zoonotic diseases. Can J Zool 78 :2061–2078.
-
10
Ostfeld RS, Schauber EM, Canham CD, Keesing F, Jones CG, Wolff JO, 2001. Effects of acorn production and mouse abundance on abundance and Borrelia burgdorferi infection prevalence of nymphal Ixodes scapularis. Vector Borne Zoonot Dis 1 :55–64.
-
11
James AM, Oliver JH, 1990. Feeding and host preference of immature Ixodes dammini, I. scapularis, and I. pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 27 :324–330.
-
12
Davidar P, Wilson M, Ribeiro JMC, 1989. Differential distribution of immature Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) on rodent hosts. J Parasitol 75 :898–904.
-
13
Magnarelli LA, Anderson JF, Burgdorfer W, Chappell WA, 1984. Parasitism by Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) and antibodies to spirochetes in mammals at Lyme-disease foci in Connecticut, USA. J Med Entomol 21 :52–57.
-
14
Main AJ, Carey AB, Carey MG, Goodwin RH, 1982. Immature Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) on small animals in Connecticut, USA. J Med Entomol 19 :655–664.
-
15
Slajchert T, Kitron UD, Jones CJ, Mannelli A, 1997. Role of the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) in the epizootiology of Lyme borreliosis in northwestern Illinois, USA. J Wildl Dis 33 :40–46.
-
16
Schmidt KA, Ostfeld RS, Schauber EM, 1999. Infestation of Peromyscus leucopus and Tamias striatus by Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in relation to the abundance of hosts and parasites. J Med Entomol 36 :749–757.
-
17
Ostfeld RS, Jones CG, Wolff JO, 1996. Of mice and mast: ecological connections in eastern deciduous forests. Bioscience 46 :323–330.
-
18
Falco RC, Fish D, 1992. A comparison of methods for sampling the deer tick, Ixodes dammini, in a Lyme disease endemic area. Exp Appl Acarol 14 :165–173.
-
19
Winston PW, Bates DH, 1960. Saturated solutions for the control of humidity in biological research. Ecology 41 :232–233.
-
20
Morris DW, 1996. Coexistence of specialist and generalist rodents via habitat selection. Ecology 77 :2352–2364.
-
21
Schnurr JL, Ostfeld RS, Canham CD, 2002. Direct and indirect effects of masting on rodent populations and tree seed survival. Oikos 96 :402–410.
-
22
Wolff JO, 1996. Population fluctuations of mast-eating rodents are correlated with production of acorns. J Mammal 77 :850–856.
-
23
Cumming GS, 1998. Host preference in African ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): a quantitative data set. Bull Entomol Res 88 :379–406.
-
24
Gallivan GJ, Horak IG, 1997. Body size and habitat as determinants of tick infestations of wild ungulates in South Africa. S Afr J Wildl Res 27 :63–70.
-
25
Whitaker JO Jr, Hamilton WJ Jr, 1998. Mammals of the Eastern United States. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing Associates.
-
26
Ribeiro JMC, 1989. Role of saliva in tick host interactions. Exp Appl Acarol 7 :15–20.
-
27
Schmidt KA, Ostfeld RS, 2001. Biodiversity and the dilution effect in disease ecology. Ecology 82 :609–619.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 166 | 96 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 435 | 17 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 123 | 24 | 0 |
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF LARVAL BLACKLEGGED TICKS ON RODENT HOSTS
MARGARET T. SHAW
MARGARET T. SHAW
Department of Biology, Bard College, Annandale, New York; Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York
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FELICIA KEESING
FELICIA KEESING
Department of Biology, Bard College, Annandale, New York; Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York
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ROBERT MCGRAIL
ROBERT MCGRAIL
Department of Biology, Bard College, Annandale, New York; Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York
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RICHARD S. OSTFELD
RICHARD S. OSTFELD
Department of Biology, Bard College, Annandale, New York; Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York
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Because of differences among hosts in reservoir competence for tick-borne diseases, the distribution of larval blacklegged ticks on hosts might determine tick infection prevalence and disease risk to humans. We conducted a three-part study to determine the factors responsible for greater burdens of larval blacklegged ticks on white-footed mice than on eastern chipmunks. A microhabitat study indicated that questing ticks have higher encounter rates with mice than with chipmunks. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that ticks oriented more strongly toward mice. However, larval ticks fed more successfully from chipmunks. Our results strongly suggest that mice are both more likely to use larval tick-infested microhabitats and to attract questing larvae than are chipmunks, leading to a dramatically higher initial infestation rate, which is then reduced by greater grooming activity by mice. The high mortality rate of larvae that were experimentally introduced onto mice suggests that grooming is a significant cause of mortality to larval blacklegged ticks.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Patrican LA, 1997. Absence of Lyme disease spirochetes in larval progeny of naturally infected Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) fed on dogs. J Med Entomol 34 :52–55.
-
2
Levin ML, des Vignes F, Fish D, 1999. Disparity in the natural cycles of Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :204–208.
-
3
Mather TN, Ginsberg HS, 1994. Vector-host-pathogen relationships: transmission dynamics of tick-borne infections. Sonenshine D, Mather T, eds. Ecological Dynamics of Tick-Borne Zoonoses. New York: Oxford University Press, 68–90.
-
4
Ostfeld RS, Keesing F, Schauber EM, Schmidt KA, 2002. The ecological context of infectious disease: diversity, habitat fragmentation, and Lyme disease risk in North America. Aguirre A, Ostfeld RS, House CA, Tabor G, Pearl M, eds. Conservation Medicine: Ecological Health in Practice. New York: Oxford University Press, 207–219.
-
5
Barbour AG, Fish D, 1993. The biological and social phenomenon of Lyme disease. Science 260 :1610–1616.
-
6
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. Lyme Disease - United States, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 :29–31.
-
7
Lane RS, Piesman J, Burgdorfer W, 1991. Lyme borreliosis: relation of its causative agent to its vectors and hosts in North America and Europe. Annu Rev Entomol 36 :587–609.
-
8
Ostfeld RS, Keesing F, 2000. Biodiversity and disease risk: the case of Lyme disease. Conserv Biol. 14 :722–728.
-
9
Ostfeld RS, Keesing F, 2000. The role of biodiversity in the ecology of vector-borne zoonotic diseases. Can J Zool 78 :2061–2078.
-
10
Ostfeld RS, Schauber EM, Canham CD, Keesing F, Jones CG, Wolff JO, 2001. Effects of acorn production and mouse abundance on abundance and Borrelia burgdorferi infection prevalence of nymphal Ixodes scapularis. Vector Borne Zoonot Dis 1 :55–64.
-
11
James AM, Oliver JH, 1990. Feeding and host preference of immature Ixodes dammini, I. scapularis, and I. pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 27 :324–330.
-
12
Davidar P, Wilson M, Ribeiro JMC, 1989. Differential distribution of immature Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) on rodent hosts. J Parasitol 75 :898–904.
-
13
Magnarelli LA, Anderson JF, Burgdorfer W, Chappell WA, 1984. Parasitism by Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) and antibodies to spirochetes in mammals at Lyme-disease foci in Connecticut, USA. J Med Entomol 21 :52–57.
-
14
Main AJ, Carey AB, Carey MG, Goodwin RH, 1982. Immature Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) on small animals in Connecticut, USA. J Med Entomol 19 :655–664.
-
15
Slajchert T, Kitron UD, Jones CJ, Mannelli A, 1997. Role of the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) in the epizootiology of Lyme borreliosis in northwestern Illinois, USA. J Wildl Dis 33 :40–46.
-
16
Schmidt KA, Ostfeld RS, Schauber EM, 1999. Infestation of Peromyscus leucopus and Tamias striatus by Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in relation to the abundance of hosts and parasites. J Med Entomol 36 :749–757.
-
17
Ostfeld RS, Jones CG, Wolff JO, 1996. Of mice and mast: ecological connections in eastern deciduous forests. Bioscience 46 :323–330.
-
18
Falco RC, Fish D, 1992. A comparison of methods for sampling the deer tick, Ixodes dammini, in a Lyme disease endemic area. Exp Appl Acarol 14 :165–173.
-
19
Winston PW, Bates DH, 1960. Saturated solutions for the control of humidity in biological research. Ecology 41 :232–233.
-
20
Morris DW, 1996. Coexistence of specialist and generalist rodents via habitat selection. Ecology 77 :2352–2364.
-
21
Schnurr JL, Ostfeld RS, Canham CD, 2002. Direct and indirect effects of masting on rodent populations and tree seed survival. Oikos 96 :402–410.
-
22
Wolff JO, 1996. Population fluctuations of mast-eating rodents are correlated with production of acorns. J Mammal 77 :850–856.
-
23
Cumming GS, 1998. Host preference in African ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): a quantitative data set. Bull Entomol Res 88 :379–406.
-
24
Gallivan GJ, Horak IG, 1997. Body size and habitat as determinants of tick infestations of wild ungulates in South Africa. S Afr J Wildl Res 27 :63–70.
-
25
Whitaker JO Jr, Hamilton WJ Jr, 1998. Mammals of the Eastern United States. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing Associates.
-
26
Ribeiro JMC, 1989. Role of saliva in tick host interactions. Exp Appl Acarol 7 :15–20.
-
27
Schmidt KA, Ostfeld RS, 2001. Biodiversity and the dilution effect in disease ecology. Ecology 82 :609–619.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 166 | 96 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 435 | 17 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 123 | 24 | 0 |