World Health Organization, 2000. Criteria for Antimalarial Drug Selection Policy. Informal Consultation on the Use of Antimalarial Drugs, November 13–17, 2000. Geneva: World Health Organization. Background Paper 17.
Wellems TE, Plowe CV, 2001. Chloroquine-resistant malaria. J Infect Dis 184 :770–776.
Kitua AY, 1999. Antimalarial drug policy: making a systematic change. Lancet 354 (Suppl 4) :32.
Fevre EM, Barnish G, 1999. Malaria treatment policies: when and how should they be changed? Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :549–560.
Baird JK, Basri H. Purnomo, Bangs MJ, Patchen L, Hoffman SL, 1991. Resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :547–552.
Baird JK, Basri H, Jones TR, Bangs MJ, Ritonga A, 1991. Resistance to antimalarials in northeastern Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :640–644.
Baird JK, Basri H, Subianto B, Fryauff DJ, McElroy PD, Leksana B, Richie TL. Masbar S, Wignall FS, Hoffman SL, 1995. Treatment of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium vivax with chloroquine and primaquine or halofantrine. J Infect Dis 171 :1678–1682.
Baird JK, Wiady I, Fryauff DJ, Sutanihardja MA, Leksana B, Widjaya H, Kysdarmanto, Subianto B, 1997. In vivo resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum at Nabire, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :627–631.
Murphy GS, Basri H, Purnomo, Andersen EM, Bangs MJ, Mount DL, Gorden J, Lal AA, Purwokusumo AR, Harjosuwarno S, Sorensen K, Hoffman SL, 1993. Vivax malaria resistant to treatment and prophylaxis with chloroquine. Lancet 341 :96–100.
Taylor WR, Widjaja H, Richie TL, Basri H, Ohrt C, Tjitra, Taufik E, Jones TR, Kain KC, Hoffman SL, 2001. Chloroquine/doxycycline combination versus chloroquine alone, and doxycycline alone for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria in northeastern Irian Jaya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :223–228.
Taaken W, Knols BGJ, 1990. A taxonomic and bionomic review of the malaria vectors of Indonesia. Wageningen Agric Univ Papers 90 :9–62.
Baird JK, Purnomo, Basri H, Bangs MJ, Andersen EM, Jones TR, Masbar S, Harjosuwarno S, Subianto B, Arbani PR, 1993. Age-specific prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum among six populations with limited histories of exposure to endemic malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :707–719.
Patchen LC, Mount DL, Schwartz IK, Churchill FC, 1983. Analysis of filter paper-absorbed, finger-stick blood samples for chloroquine and its major metabolite using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr 278 :932–935.
Baird JK, Leksana B, Masbar S, Fryauff DJ, Sutanihardja MA, Suradi, Wignall FS, Hoffman SL, 1997. Diagnosis of resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax: timing of recurrence and whole blood chloroquine levels. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :621–626.
McIntosh HM, Greenwood BM, 1998. Chloroquine or amodiaquine combined with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine as a treatment for uncomplicated malaria: a systematic review. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92 :265–270.
Kaneko A, Taleo G, Kalkoa G, Yamar S, Kobayakawa T, Bjorkman A, 2000. Malaria eradication on islands. Lancet 356 :1560–1564.
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Chloroquine remains the first-line therapy for uncomplicated malaria in Indonesia. Among a series of trials of chloroquine for malaria on this archipelago conducted since 1990, we now report the highest risk of therapeutic failure yet observed. A clinical trial of standard chloroquine therapy for uncomplicated malaria at Arso PIR V in northeastern Indonesian Papua was conducted during 1995. We enrolled 104 non-immune subjects infected with Plasmodium falciparum (n = 55), P. vivax (n = 29), or P. falciparum plus P. vivax (n = 20) and administered supervised standard chloroquine therapy (10 + 10 + 5 mg/kg at 24-hour intervals). The 28-day cumulative incidence of therapeutic failure was 95% for P. falciparum, 84% for P. vivax, and 100% for mixed infections. Only one subject each for P. falciparum and P. vivax remained free of parasites at day 28. All recurrent parasitemias occurred with whole blood levels of chloroquine plus desethylchloroquine exceeding 100 ng/ml. These findings document almost complete failure of chloroquine against P. falciparum or P. vivax near the northeastern coast of Indonesian Papua.
World Health Organization, 2000. Criteria for Antimalarial Drug Selection Policy. Informal Consultation on the Use of Antimalarial Drugs, November 13–17, 2000. Geneva: World Health Organization. Background Paper 17.
Wellems TE, Plowe CV, 2001. Chloroquine-resistant malaria. J Infect Dis 184 :770–776.
Kitua AY, 1999. Antimalarial drug policy: making a systematic change. Lancet 354 (Suppl 4) :32.
Fevre EM, Barnish G, 1999. Malaria treatment policies: when and how should they be changed? Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :549–560.
Baird JK, Basri H. Purnomo, Bangs MJ, Patchen L, Hoffman SL, 1991. Resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :547–552.
Baird JK, Basri H, Jones TR, Bangs MJ, Ritonga A, 1991. Resistance to antimalarials in northeastern Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :640–644.
Baird JK, Basri H, Subianto B, Fryauff DJ, McElroy PD, Leksana B, Richie TL. Masbar S, Wignall FS, Hoffman SL, 1995. Treatment of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium vivax with chloroquine and primaquine or halofantrine. J Infect Dis 171 :1678–1682.
Baird JK, Wiady I, Fryauff DJ, Sutanihardja MA, Leksana B, Widjaya H, Kysdarmanto, Subianto B, 1997. In vivo resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum at Nabire, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :627–631.
Murphy GS, Basri H, Purnomo, Andersen EM, Bangs MJ, Mount DL, Gorden J, Lal AA, Purwokusumo AR, Harjosuwarno S, Sorensen K, Hoffman SL, 1993. Vivax malaria resistant to treatment and prophylaxis with chloroquine. Lancet 341 :96–100.
Taylor WR, Widjaja H, Richie TL, Basri H, Ohrt C, Tjitra, Taufik E, Jones TR, Kain KC, Hoffman SL, 2001. Chloroquine/doxycycline combination versus chloroquine alone, and doxycycline alone for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria in northeastern Irian Jaya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :223–228.
Taaken W, Knols BGJ, 1990. A taxonomic and bionomic review of the malaria vectors of Indonesia. Wageningen Agric Univ Papers 90 :9–62.
Baird JK, Purnomo, Basri H, Bangs MJ, Andersen EM, Jones TR, Masbar S, Harjosuwarno S, Subianto B, Arbani PR, 1993. Age-specific prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum among six populations with limited histories of exposure to endemic malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :707–719.
Patchen LC, Mount DL, Schwartz IK, Churchill FC, 1983. Analysis of filter paper-absorbed, finger-stick blood samples for chloroquine and its major metabolite using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr 278 :932–935.
Baird JK, Leksana B, Masbar S, Fryauff DJ, Sutanihardja MA, Suradi, Wignall FS, Hoffman SL, 1997. Diagnosis of resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax: timing of recurrence and whole blood chloroquine levels. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :621–626.
McIntosh HM, Greenwood BM, 1998. Chloroquine or amodiaquine combined with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine as a treatment for uncomplicated malaria: a systematic review. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92 :265–270.
Kaneko A, Taleo G, Kalkoa G, Yamar S, Kobayakawa T, Bjorkman A, 2000. Malaria eradication on islands. Lancet 356 :1560–1564.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1906 | 1672 | 19 |
Full Text Views | 286 | 4 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 71 | 8 | 0 |