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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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EndNote
-
1
Carter R, Miller LH, 1979. Evidence for environmental modulation of gametocytogenesis in Plasmodium falciparum in continuous culture. Bull World Health Organ 57 (Suppl 1):37–52.
-
2
Dyer M, Day KP, 2000. Commitment to gametocytogenesis in Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Today 16 :102–107.
-
3
Ono T, Ohnishi Y, Nagamune K, Kano M, 1993. Gametocytogenesis induction by Berenil in cultured Plasmodium falciparum. Exp Parasitol 77 :74–78.
-
4
Barkakaty BN, Sharma GK, Chakravorty NK, 1989. Studies of efficacy of treatment with sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim and sulfalene with pyrimethamine combinations in Plasmodium falciparum malaria of known and unknown resistant status. J Commun Dis 20 :165–174.
-
5
Puta C, Manyando C, 1997. Enhanced gametocyte production in Fansidar-treated Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients; implications for malaria transmission control programmes. Trop Med Int Health 2 :227–229.
-
6
Buckling A, Ranford-Cartwright LC, Miles A, Read AF, 1999. Chloroquine increases Plasmodium falciparum gametocytogenesis in vitro. Parasitology 118 :339–346.
-
7
Dyer M, Day KP, 2000. Expression of Plasmodium falciparum trimeric G proteins and their involvement in switching to sexual development. Mol Biochem Parasitol 108 :67–78.
-
8
Lingnau A, Margos G, Maier WA, Seitz HM, 1993. The effects of hormones on the gametocytogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Appl Parasitol 34 :153–160.
-
9
Ono T, Nakai T, Nakabayashi T, 1986. Induction of gametocytogenesis in Plasmodium falciparum by the culture supernatant of hybridoma cells producing anti-P. falciparum antibody. Biken J 29 :7781–7786.
-
10
Smalley ME, Brown J, 1981. Plasmodium falciparum gametocytogenesis stimulated by lymphocytes and serum from infected Gambian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 75 :316–317.
-
11
Thomson D, 1914. The origin and development of gametes (crescents) in malignant tertian malaria: Some observations on flagellation etc. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 8 :85–104.
-
12
Bruce MC, Alano P, Duthie S, Carter R, 1990. Commitment of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum to sexual and asexual development. Parasitology 2 :191–200.
-
13
Kaushal DC, Carter R., Miller LH, Krishna G, 1980. Gametocytogenesis by malaria parasites in continuous culture. Nature 286 :490–492.
-
14
Brockelman CR, 1982. Conditions favoring gametocytogenesis in the continuous culture of Plasmodium falciparum. J Protozool 29 :454–458.
-
15
Read LK, Mikkelsen RB, 1991. Comparison of adenylate cyclase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase in gametocytogenic and nongametocytogenic clones of Plasmodium falciparum. J Parasitol 77 :346–352.
-
16
Trager W, Gill GS, 1989. Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte formation in vitro: its stimulation by phorbol diesters and by 8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate. J Protozool 36 :451–454.
-
17
Pan JX, Mikkelsen RB, Wallach DFH, Asher CR, 1987. Synthesis of a somatostatin-like molecule by Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 25 :107–111.
-
18
Taylor LH, Walliker D, Read AF, 1997. Mixed-genotype infections of malaria parasites: within-host dynamics and transmission success of competing clones. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 264 :927–935.
-
19
Taylor LH, Walliker D, Read AF, 1997. Mixed-genotype infections of the rodent malaria Plasmodium chabaudi are more infectious to mosquitoes than single-genotype infections. Parasitol 115 :121–132.
-
20
Trager W, Jensen JB, 1976. Human malaria parasites in continuous culture. Science 193 :673–675.
-
21
Day KP, Karamalis F, Thompson J, Barnes DA, Peterson C, Brown H, Brown GV, Kemp DJ, 1993. Genes necessary for expression of a virulence determinant and for transmission of Plasmodium falciparum are located on a 0.3-megabase region of chromosome 9. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 :8292–8296.
-
22
Pasvol G, Wilson RJM, Smalley ME, Brown J, 1978. Separation of viable schizont-infected red cells of Plasmodium falciparum from human blood. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 72 :87–88.
-
23
Bruce MC, Carter RN, Nakamura K, Aikawa M, Carter R, 1994. Cellular location and temporal expression of the Plasmodium falciparum sexual stage antigen Pfs16. Mol Biochem Parasitol 65 :11–22.
-
24
Schneweis S, Maier WA, Seitz HM, 1991. Haemolysis of infected erythrocytes - a trigger for formation of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes?Parasitol Res 77 :458–460.
-
25
Cheng Q, Lawrence G, Reed C, Stowers A, Ranford-Cartwright L, Creasey A, Carter R, Saul A, 1997. Measurement of Plasmodium falciparum growth rates in vivo: a test of malaria vaccines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :495–500.
-
26
Trenholme KR, McMonagle FA, Phillips RS, 1990. The effect of a fibroblast feeder layer, L-cysteine and 2-mercaptoethanol on the growth of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :507–510.
-
27
Williams JL, 1999. Stimulation of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytogenesis by conditioned medium from parasite cultures. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :7–13.
-
28
Thomson D, 1911. A research into the production, life and death of crescents in malignant tertian malaria in treated and untreated cases, by an enumerative method. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 5 :57–82.
-
29
MacGilchrist AC, 1915. The relative therapeutic value in malaria of the Cinchona alkyloids - quinine, cinchonidine and quiniodine, and the two derivatives - hydro-quinine and ethyl-hydro-cupreine. Indian J Med Res 3 :1–89.
-
30
Buckling AGJ, Taylor LH, Carlton JMR, Read AF, 1997. Adaptive changes in Plasmodium transmission strategies following chloroquine chemotherapy. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 264 :553–559.
-
31
Miller MJ, 1958. Observations on the natural history of malaria in the semi-resistant West African. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 52 :152–168.
-
32
Smith TG, Kim B, Hong H, Desser SS, 2000. Intraerythrocytic development of species of Hepatozoon infecting ranid frogs: evidence for convergence of life cycle characteristics among apicomplexans. J Parasitol 86 :451–458.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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REGULATION OF THE RATE OF ASEXUAL GROWTH AND COMMITMENT TO SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT BY DIFFUSIBLE FACTORS FROM IN VITRO CULTURES OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
MIKE DYER
MIKE DYER
Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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KAREN P. DAY
KAREN P. DAY
Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Search for other papers by KAREN P. DAY in
Current site
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PubMed
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PubMed
The mechanism of switching to sexual differentiation (gametocytogenesis) of Plasmodium falciparum appears to be controlled by stochastic mechanisms that are sensitive to environmental conditions. In any given conditions, only a proportion of genetically identical parasites will become committed to sexual development. We used an experimental co-culture system to detect the presence of diffusible molecules from asexually replicating bloodstream stages of P. falciparum that were capable of influencing the growth and differentiation of the parasite. We cultured two populations of P. falciparum in a shared environment separated by a membrane that allowed free diffusion of molecules. The data presented show that P. falciparum parasites in culture stimulate their own growth and replication, and constitutively inhibit sexual conversion via diffusible molecules. These observations support the model that for P. falciparum, the sexual pathway of development is the default, and that constitutive repression of the sexual pathway permits asexual multiplication to occur in the bloodstream of the human host.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Carter R, Miller LH, 1979. Evidence for environmental modulation of gametocytogenesis in Plasmodium falciparum in continuous culture. Bull World Health Organ 57 (Suppl 1):37–52.
-
2
Dyer M, Day KP, 2000. Commitment to gametocytogenesis in Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Today 16 :102–107.
-
3
Ono T, Ohnishi Y, Nagamune K, Kano M, 1993. Gametocytogenesis induction by Berenil in cultured Plasmodium falciparum. Exp Parasitol 77 :74–78.
-
4
Barkakaty BN, Sharma GK, Chakravorty NK, 1989. Studies of efficacy of treatment with sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim and sulfalene with pyrimethamine combinations in Plasmodium falciparum malaria of known and unknown resistant status. J Commun Dis 20 :165–174.
-
5
Puta C, Manyando C, 1997. Enhanced gametocyte production in Fansidar-treated Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients; implications for malaria transmission control programmes. Trop Med Int Health 2 :227–229.
-
6
Buckling A, Ranford-Cartwright LC, Miles A, Read AF, 1999. Chloroquine increases Plasmodium falciparum gametocytogenesis in vitro. Parasitology 118 :339–346.
-
7
Dyer M, Day KP, 2000. Expression of Plasmodium falciparum trimeric G proteins and their involvement in switching to sexual development. Mol Biochem Parasitol 108 :67–78.
-
8
Lingnau A, Margos G, Maier WA, Seitz HM, 1993. The effects of hormones on the gametocytogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Appl Parasitol 34 :153–160.
-
9
Ono T, Nakai T, Nakabayashi T, 1986. Induction of gametocytogenesis in Plasmodium falciparum by the culture supernatant of hybridoma cells producing anti-P. falciparum antibody. Biken J 29 :7781–7786.
-
10
Smalley ME, Brown J, 1981. Plasmodium falciparum gametocytogenesis stimulated by lymphocytes and serum from infected Gambian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 75 :316–317.
-
11
Thomson D, 1914. The origin and development of gametes (crescents) in malignant tertian malaria: Some observations on flagellation etc. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 8 :85–104.
-
12
Bruce MC, Alano P, Duthie S, Carter R, 1990. Commitment of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum to sexual and asexual development. Parasitology 2 :191–200.
-
13
Kaushal DC, Carter R., Miller LH, Krishna G, 1980. Gametocytogenesis by malaria parasites in continuous culture. Nature 286 :490–492.
-
14
Brockelman CR, 1982. Conditions favoring gametocytogenesis in the continuous culture of Plasmodium falciparum. J Protozool 29 :454–458.
-
15
Read LK, Mikkelsen RB, 1991. Comparison of adenylate cyclase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase in gametocytogenic and nongametocytogenic clones of Plasmodium falciparum. J Parasitol 77 :346–352.
-
16
Trager W, Gill GS, 1989. Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte formation in vitro: its stimulation by phorbol diesters and by 8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate. J Protozool 36 :451–454.
-
17
Pan JX, Mikkelsen RB, Wallach DFH, Asher CR, 1987. Synthesis of a somatostatin-like molecule by Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 25 :107–111.
-
18
Taylor LH, Walliker D, Read AF, 1997. Mixed-genotype infections of malaria parasites: within-host dynamics and transmission success of competing clones. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 264 :927–935.
-
19
Taylor LH, Walliker D, Read AF, 1997. Mixed-genotype infections of the rodent malaria Plasmodium chabaudi are more infectious to mosquitoes than single-genotype infections. Parasitol 115 :121–132.
-
20
Trager W, Jensen JB, 1976. Human malaria parasites in continuous culture. Science 193 :673–675.
-
21
Day KP, Karamalis F, Thompson J, Barnes DA, Peterson C, Brown H, Brown GV, Kemp DJ, 1993. Genes necessary for expression of a virulence determinant and for transmission of Plasmodium falciparum are located on a 0.3-megabase region of chromosome 9. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 :8292–8296.
-
22
Pasvol G, Wilson RJM, Smalley ME, Brown J, 1978. Separation of viable schizont-infected red cells of Plasmodium falciparum from human blood. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 72 :87–88.
-
23
Bruce MC, Carter RN, Nakamura K, Aikawa M, Carter R, 1994. Cellular location and temporal expression of the Plasmodium falciparum sexual stage antigen Pfs16. Mol Biochem Parasitol 65 :11–22.
-
24
Schneweis S, Maier WA, Seitz HM, 1991. Haemolysis of infected erythrocytes - a trigger for formation of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes?Parasitol Res 77 :458–460.
-
25
Cheng Q, Lawrence G, Reed C, Stowers A, Ranford-Cartwright L, Creasey A, Carter R, Saul A, 1997. Measurement of Plasmodium falciparum growth rates in vivo: a test of malaria vaccines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :495–500.
-
26
Trenholme KR, McMonagle FA, Phillips RS, 1990. The effect of a fibroblast feeder layer, L-cysteine and 2-mercaptoethanol on the growth of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :507–510.
-
27
Williams JL, 1999. Stimulation of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytogenesis by conditioned medium from parasite cultures. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :7–13.
-
28
Thomson D, 1911. A research into the production, life and death of crescents in malignant tertian malaria in treated and untreated cases, by an enumerative method. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 5 :57–82.
-
29
MacGilchrist AC, 1915. The relative therapeutic value in malaria of the Cinchona alkyloids - quinine, cinchonidine and quiniodine, and the two derivatives - hydro-quinine and ethyl-hydro-cupreine. Indian J Med Res 3 :1–89.
-
30
Buckling AGJ, Taylor LH, Carlton JMR, Read AF, 1997. Adaptive changes in Plasmodium transmission strategies following chloroquine chemotherapy. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 264 :553–559.
-
31
Miller MJ, 1958. Observations on the natural history of malaria in the semi-resistant West African. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 52 :152–168.
-
32
Smith TG, Kim B, Hong H, Desser SS, 2000. Intraerythrocytic development of species of Hepatozoon infecting ranid frogs: evidence for convergence of life cycle characteristics among apicomplexans. J Parasitol 86 :451–458.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 703 | 564 | 10 |
| Full Text Views | 353 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 133 | 12 | 0 |