ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
WHO, 1997. Malaria in the South-East Asia Region, Regional office for South-East Asia, New Delhi.
-
2
Phan VT, 1990. Technical problems and solution of malaria eradication in Vietnam. Vietnamese scientific research report period 1986–1990 (NIMPE, Vietnam). 9–21.
-
3
Cong LD, Sy ND, Hinh TD, Huong NV, Thanh NV, Tien NT, Van Manh DH, 1994. Study on appropriate solutions for control of malaria parasite drug - resistance and vector prevention. Information for the control and prevention of malaria in Vietnam. 2 :1–5.
-
4
Zindrou S, Dung NP, Sy ND, Skold O, Swedberg G, 1996. Plasmodium falciparum: mutation pattern in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase genes of Vietnamese isolates, a novel mutation, and coexistence of two clones in a Thai patient. Exp Parasitol 84 :56–64.
-
5
Am NT, 1993. Malaria in Vietnam—environment, prevention and treatment. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 86 :494–499.
-
6
Krogstad DJ, Gluzman IY, Kyle DE, Oduola AM, Martin SK, 1987. Efflux of chloroquine from Plasmodium falciparum: mechanism of chloroquine resistance. Science 238 :1283–1285.
-
7
Fidock DA, Nomura T, Talley AK, Cooper RA, Dzekunov SM, Ferdig MT, Ursos LM, Sidhu AB, Naude B, Deitsch KW, Su XZ, Wootton JC, Roepe PD, Wellems TE, 2000. Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance. Mol Cell 6 :861–871.
-
8
Reed MB, Saliba KJ, Caruana SR, Kirk K, Cowman AF, 2000. Pgh1 modulates sensitivity and resistance to multiple antimalarials in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 403 :906–909.
-
9
Babiker HA, Pringle SJ, Abdel-Muhsin A, Mackinnon M, Hunt P, Walliker D, 2001. High-level chloroquine resistance in Sudanese isolates of Plasmodium falciparum is associated with mutations in the chloroquine resistance transporter gene pfcrt and the multidrug resistance gene pfmdr1. J Infect Dis 183 :1535–1538.
-
10
Harinasuta T, Viravan C, Reid HA, 1967. Sulphormethoxine in chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. Lancet 1 :1117–1119.
-
11
Harinasuta T, Viravan C, Buranasin P, 1988. Parenteral Fansidar in falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 82 :694.
-
12
Cowman AF, Morry MJ, Biggs BA, Cross GAM, Foote SJ, 1988. Amino acid changes linked to pyrimethamine resistance in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85 :9109–9113.
-
13
Peterson DS, Walliker D, Wellems TE, 1988. Evidence that a point mutation in dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase confers resistance to pyrimethamine in falciparum malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85 :9114–9118.
-
14
Sirawaraporn W, Yuthavong Y, 1984. Kinetic and molecular properties of dihydrofolate reductase from pyrimethamine-sensitive and pyrimethamine-resistant Plasmodium chabaudi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 10 :355–367.
-
15
Wu Y, Kirkman LA, Wellems TE, 1996. Transformation of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites by homologous integration of plasmids that confer resistance to pyrimethamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93 :1130–1134.
-
16
Basco LK, de Pecoulas PE, Wilson CM, Le Bras J, Mazabraud A, 1995. Point mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene and pyrimethamine and cycloguanil resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 69 :135–138.
-
17
Plowe CV, Cortese JF, Djimde A, Nwanyanwu OC, Watkins WM, Winstanley PA, Estrada-Franco JG, Mollinedo RE, Avila JC, Cespedes JL, Carter D, Doumbo OK, 1997. Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase and epidemiologic patterns of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine use and resistance. J Infect Dis 176 :1590–1596.
-
18
Nagesha HS, Din-Syafruddin D, Casey GJ, Susanti AI, Fryauff DJ, Reeder JC, Cowman AF, 2001. Mutations in the pfmdr1, dhfr and dhps genes of Plasmodium falciparum are associated with in vivo drug resistance in West Papua, Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :1–7.
-
19
Triglia T, Cowman AF, 1994. Primary structure and expression of the dihydropteroate synthetase gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 :7149–7153.
-
20
Brooks D, Wang P, Read M, Watkin W, Sims P, Hyde J, 1994. Sequence variation in the hydroxymethyldihydropterin pyrophosphokinase: dihydropteroate synthase gene in lines of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, with differing resistance to sulfadoxine. Eur J Biochem 224 :397–405.
-
21
Triglia T, Menting JGT, Wilson C, Cowman AF, 1997. Mutations of dihydropteroate synthase are responsible for sulfone and sulfonamide resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94 :13944–13949.
-
22
Triglia T, Wang P, Sims PFG, Hyde JE, Cowman AF, 1998. Allelic exchange at the endogenous genomic locus in Plasmodium falciparum proves the role of dihydropteroate synthase in sulfadoxine-resistant malaria. EMBO J 17 :3807–3815.
-
23
Wang P, Read M, Sims PF, Hyde JE, 1997. Sulfadoxine resistance in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is determined by mutations in dihydropteroate synthetase and an additional factor associated with folate utilization. Mol Microbiol 23 :979–986.
-
24
Hien TT, VinhChau NV, Vinh NT, Hunh NT, Phung MY, Toan LM, Mai PP, Dung NT, HoaiTam DT, Arnold K, 1997. Management of multiple drug-resistant malaria in Vietnam. Ann Acad Med 26 :659–663.
-
25
Trager W, Jensen JB, 1976. Human malaria parasites in continuous culture. Science 193 :673–675.
-
26
Desjardins RE, Canfield CJ, Haynes JD, Chulay JD, 1979. Quantitative assessment of antimalarial activity in vitro by a semiautomated microdilution technique. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 16 :710–718.
-
27
Duraisingh MT, Curtis J, Warhurst DC, 1998. Plasmodium falciparum: detection of polymorphisms in the dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase genes by PCR and restriction digestion. Exp Parasitol 89 :1–8.
-
28
Duraisingh MT, Roper C, Walliker D, Warhurst DC, 2000. Increased sensitivity to the antimalarials mefloquine and artemisinin is conferred by mutations in the pfmdr1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Microbiol 36 :955–961.
-
29
Felger I, Tavul L, Beck H-P, 1993. Plasmodium falciparum: a rapid technique for genotyping the merozoite surface protein 2. Exp Parasitol 77 :372–375.
-
30
Duraisingh MT, Drakeley CJ, Muller O, Bailey R, Snounou G, Targett GA, Greenwood BM, Warhurst DC, 1997. Evidence for selection for the tyrosine-86 allele of the pfmdr 1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum by chloroquine and amodiaquine. Parasitology 114 :205–211.
-
31
Plowe CV, Djimde A, Bouare M, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, 1995. Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-conferring mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :565–568.
-
32
Plowe CV, Djimde A, Wellems TE, Diop S, Kouriba B, Doumbo OK, 1996. Community pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine use and prevalence of resistant Plasmodium falciparum genotypes in Mali: a model for deterring resistance. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :467–471.
-
33
Plowe CV, Kublin JG, 1998. P. falciparum DHFR and DHPS mutations: epidemiology and role in clinical resistance to antifolates. Drug Resistance Updates.
-
34
Foote SJ, Kyle DE, Martin RK, Oduola AM, Forsyth K, Kemp DJ, Cowman AF, 1990. Several alleles of the multidrug-resistance gene are closely linked to chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 345 :255–258.
-
35
Foote SJ, Thompson JK, Cowman AF, Kemp DJ, 1989. Amplification of the multidrug resistance gene in some chloroquine-resistant isolates of P. falciparum. Cell 57 :921–930.
-
36
Sirawaraporn W, Sirawaraporn R, Cowman AF, Yuthavong Y, Santi DV, 1990. Heterologous expression of active thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase from Plasmodium falciparum. Biochemistry 29 :10779–10785.
-
37
Wang P, Read M, Sims PFG, Hyde JE, 1997. Sulfadoxine resistance in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is determined by mutations in dihydropteroate synthetase and an additional factor associated with folate utilisation. Mol Microbiol 23 :979–986.
-
38
Morillon M, Baudon D, Dai B, 1996. Malaria in Vietnam in 1996: brief synthesis of epidemiological data. Med Trop 56 :197–200.
-
39
Basco LK, Le Bras J, 1993. In vitro activity of artemisinin derivatives against African isolates and clones of Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :301–307.
-
40
Pradines B, Rogier C, Fusai T, Tall A, Trape JF, Doury JC, 1998. In vitro activity of artemether against African isolates (Senegal) of Plasmodium falciparum in comparison with standard antimalarial drugs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :354–357.
-
41
Duraisingh MT, Jones P, Sambou I, von Seidlein L, Pinder M, Warhurst DC, 1999. Inoculum effect leads to overestimation of in vitro resistance for artemisinin derivatives and standard antimalarials: a Gambian field study. Parasitology 119 :435–440.
-
42
Barnes DA, Foote SJ, Galatis D, Kemp DJ, Cowman AF, 1992. Selection for high-level chloroquine resistance results in deamplification of the pfmdr1 gene and increased sensitivity to mefloquine in Plasmodium falciparum. EMBO J 11 :3067–3075.
-
43
Peel SA, Bright P, Yount B, Handy J, Baric RS, 1994. A strong association between mefloquine and halofantrine resistance and amplification, overexpression, and mutation in the Pglycoprotein gene homolog (pfmdr) of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :648–658.
-
44
Wang P, Sims PFG, Hyde JE, 1997. A modified in vitro sulfadoxine susceptibility assay for Plasmodium falciparum suitable for investigating Fansidar resistance. Parasitology 115 :223–230.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1479 | 1402 | 27 |
| Full Text Views | 297 | 47 | 16 |
| PDF Downloads | 70 | 10 | 0 |
ANALYSIS OF PFCRT, PFMDR1, DHFR, AND DHPS MUTATIONS AND DRUG SENSITIVITIES IN PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM ISOLATES FROM PATIENTS IN VIETNAM BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH ARTEMISININ
THANH NGO
THANH NGO
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville; MacFarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology, and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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MANOJ DURAISINGH
MANOJ DURAISINGH
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville; MacFarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology, and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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MICHAEL REED
MICHAEL REED
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville; MacFarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology, and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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DAVID HIPGRAVE
DAVID HIPGRAVE
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville; MacFarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology, and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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BEVERLEY BIGGS
BEVERLEY BIGGS
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville; MacFarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology, and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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ALAN F. COWMAN
ALAN F. COWMAN
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville; MacFarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology, and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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We have analyzed artemisinin sensitivity in Plasmodium falciparum isolates obtained from patients in South Vietnam and show that artemisinin sensitivity does not differ before and after drug treatment. There was an increase in the level of mefloquine resistance in the isolates after drug treatment that was concomitant with a decrease in chloroquine resistance, suggesting that treatment with artemisinin has selected for increased mefloquine resistance. Mutations in the pfmdr1 gene, previously shown to be associated with sensitivity to mefloquine, were selected against. All isolates resistant to chloroquine encoded Thr-76 in the pfcrt gene consistent with an essential role in the mechanism of chloroquine resistance. Mutations in pfmdr1 also were linked to chloroquine resistance. High levels of mutation in dhfr and dhps genes, which have previously been associated with Fansidar resistance, also were found, suggesting that this drug would not be useful for malaria control in this part of Vietnam.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
WHO, 1997. Malaria in the South-East Asia Region, Regional office for South-East Asia, New Delhi.
-
2
Phan VT, 1990. Technical problems and solution of malaria eradication in Vietnam. Vietnamese scientific research report period 1986–1990 (NIMPE, Vietnam). 9–21.
-
3
Cong LD, Sy ND, Hinh TD, Huong NV, Thanh NV, Tien NT, Van Manh DH, 1994. Study on appropriate solutions for control of malaria parasite drug - resistance and vector prevention. Information for the control and prevention of malaria in Vietnam. 2 :1–5.
-
4
Zindrou S, Dung NP, Sy ND, Skold O, Swedberg G, 1996. Plasmodium falciparum: mutation pattern in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase genes of Vietnamese isolates, a novel mutation, and coexistence of two clones in a Thai patient. Exp Parasitol 84 :56–64.
-
5
Am NT, 1993. Malaria in Vietnam—environment, prevention and treatment. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 86 :494–499.
-
6
Krogstad DJ, Gluzman IY, Kyle DE, Oduola AM, Martin SK, 1987. Efflux of chloroquine from Plasmodium falciparum: mechanism of chloroquine resistance. Science 238 :1283–1285.
-
7
Fidock DA, Nomura T, Talley AK, Cooper RA, Dzekunov SM, Ferdig MT, Ursos LM, Sidhu AB, Naude B, Deitsch KW, Su XZ, Wootton JC, Roepe PD, Wellems TE, 2000. Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance. Mol Cell 6 :861–871.
-
8
Reed MB, Saliba KJ, Caruana SR, Kirk K, Cowman AF, 2000. Pgh1 modulates sensitivity and resistance to multiple antimalarials in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 403 :906–909.
-
9
Babiker HA, Pringle SJ, Abdel-Muhsin A, Mackinnon M, Hunt P, Walliker D, 2001. High-level chloroquine resistance in Sudanese isolates of Plasmodium falciparum is associated with mutations in the chloroquine resistance transporter gene pfcrt and the multidrug resistance gene pfmdr1. J Infect Dis 183 :1535–1538.
-
10
Harinasuta T, Viravan C, Reid HA, 1967. Sulphormethoxine in chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. Lancet 1 :1117–1119.
-
11
Harinasuta T, Viravan C, Buranasin P, 1988. Parenteral Fansidar in falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 82 :694.
-
12
Cowman AF, Morry MJ, Biggs BA, Cross GAM, Foote SJ, 1988. Amino acid changes linked to pyrimethamine resistance in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85 :9109–9113.
-
13
Peterson DS, Walliker D, Wellems TE, 1988. Evidence that a point mutation in dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase confers resistance to pyrimethamine in falciparum malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85 :9114–9118.
-
14
Sirawaraporn W, Yuthavong Y, 1984. Kinetic and molecular properties of dihydrofolate reductase from pyrimethamine-sensitive and pyrimethamine-resistant Plasmodium chabaudi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 10 :355–367.
-
15
Wu Y, Kirkman LA, Wellems TE, 1996. Transformation of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites by homologous integration of plasmids that confer resistance to pyrimethamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93 :1130–1134.
-
16
Basco LK, de Pecoulas PE, Wilson CM, Le Bras J, Mazabraud A, 1995. Point mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene and pyrimethamine and cycloguanil resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 69 :135–138.
-
17
Plowe CV, Cortese JF, Djimde A, Nwanyanwu OC, Watkins WM, Winstanley PA, Estrada-Franco JG, Mollinedo RE, Avila JC, Cespedes JL, Carter D, Doumbo OK, 1997. Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase and epidemiologic patterns of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine use and resistance. J Infect Dis 176 :1590–1596.
-
18
Nagesha HS, Din-Syafruddin D, Casey GJ, Susanti AI, Fryauff DJ, Reeder JC, Cowman AF, 2001. Mutations in the pfmdr1, dhfr and dhps genes of Plasmodium falciparum are associated with in vivo drug resistance in West Papua, Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :1–7.
-
19
Triglia T, Cowman AF, 1994. Primary structure and expression of the dihydropteroate synthetase gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 :7149–7153.
-
20
Brooks D, Wang P, Read M, Watkin W, Sims P, Hyde J, 1994. Sequence variation in the hydroxymethyldihydropterin pyrophosphokinase: dihydropteroate synthase gene in lines of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, with differing resistance to sulfadoxine. Eur J Biochem 224 :397–405.
-
21
Triglia T, Menting JGT, Wilson C, Cowman AF, 1997. Mutations of dihydropteroate synthase are responsible for sulfone and sulfonamide resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94 :13944–13949.
-
22
Triglia T, Wang P, Sims PFG, Hyde JE, Cowman AF, 1998. Allelic exchange at the endogenous genomic locus in Plasmodium falciparum proves the role of dihydropteroate synthase in sulfadoxine-resistant malaria. EMBO J 17 :3807–3815.
-
23
Wang P, Read M, Sims PF, Hyde JE, 1997. Sulfadoxine resistance in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is determined by mutations in dihydropteroate synthetase and an additional factor associated with folate utilization. Mol Microbiol 23 :979–986.
-
24
Hien TT, VinhChau NV, Vinh NT, Hunh NT, Phung MY, Toan LM, Mai PP, Dung NT, HoaiTam DT, Arnold K, 1997. Management of multiple drug-resistant malaria in Vietnam. Ann Acad Med 26 :659–663.
-
25
Trager W, Jensen JB, 1976. Human malaria parasites in continuous culture. Science 193 :673–675.
-
26
Desjardins RE, Canfield CJ, Haynes JD, Chulay JD, 1979. Quantitative assessment of antimalarial activity in vitro by a semiautomated microdilution technique. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 16 :710–718.
-
27
Duraisingh MT, Curtis J, Warhurst DC, 1998. Plasmodium falciparum: detection of polymorphisms in the dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase genes by PCR and restriction digestion. Exp Parasitol 89 :1–8.
-
28
Duraisingh MT, Roper C, Walliker D, Warhurst DC, 2000. Increased sensitivity to the antimalarials mefloquine and artemisinin is conferred by mutations in the pfmdr1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Microbiol 36 :955–961.
-
29
Felger I, Tavul L, Beck H-P, 1993. Plasmodium falciparum: a rapid technique for genotyping the merozoite surface protein 2. Exp Parasitol 77 :372–375.
-
30
Duraisingh MT, Drakeley CJ, Muller O, Bailey R, Snounou G, Targett GA, Greenwood BM, Warhurst DC, 1997. Evidence for selection for the tyrosine-86 allele of the pfmdr 1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum by chloroquine and amodiaquine. Parasitology 114 :205–211.
-
31
Plowe CV, Djimde A, Bouare M, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, 1995. Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-conferring mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :565–568.
-
32
Plowe CV, Djimde A, Wellems TE, Diop S, Kouriba B, Doumbo OK, 1996. Community pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine use and prevalence of resistant Plasmodium falciparum genotypes in Mali: a model for deterring resistance. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :467–471.
-
33
Plowe CV, Kublin JG, 1998. P. falciparum DHFR and DHPS mutations: epidemiology and role in clinical resistance to antifolates. Drug Resistance Updates.
-
34
Foote SJ, Kyle DE, Martin RK, Oduola AM, Forsyth K, Kemp DJ, Cowman AF, 1990. Several alleles of the multidrug-resistance gene are closely linked to chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 345 :255–258.
-
35
Foote SJ, Thompson JK, Cowman AF, Kemp DJ, 1989. Amplification of the multidrug resistance gene in some chloroquine-resistant isolates of P. falciparum. Cell 57 :921–930.
-
36
Sirawaraporn W, Sirawaraporn R, Cowman AF, Yuthavong Y, Santi DV, 1990. Heterologous expression of active thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase from Plasmodium falciparum. Biochemistry 29 :10779–10785.
-
37
Wang P, Read M, Sims PFG, Hyde JE, 1997. Sulfadoxine resistance in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is determined by mutations in dihydropteroate synthetase and an additional factor associated with folate utilisation. Mol Microbiol 23 :979–986.
-
38
Morillon M, Baudon D, Dai B, 1996. Malaria in Vietnam in 1996: brief synthesis of epidemiological data. Med Trop 56 :197–200.
-
39
Basco LK, Le Bras J, 1993. In vitro activity of artemisinin derivatives against African isolates and clones of Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :301–307.
-
40
Pradines B, Rogier C, Fusai T, Tall A, Trape JF, Doury JC, 1998. In vitro activity of artemether against African isolates (Senegal) of Plasmodium falciparum in comparison with standard antimalarial drugs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :354–357.
-
41
Duraisingh MT, Jones P, Sambou I, von Seidlein L, Pinder M, Warhurst DC, 1999. Inoculum effect leads to overestimation of in vitro resistance for artemisinin derivatives and standard antimalarials: a Gambian field study. Parasitology 119 :435–440.
-
42
Barnes DA, Foote SJ, Galatis D, Kemp DJ, Cowman AF, 1992. Selection for high-level chloroquine resistance results in deamplification of the pfmdr1 gene and increased sensitivity to mefloquine in Plasmodium falciparum. EMBO J 11 :3067–3075.
-
43
Peel SA, Bright P, Yount B, Handy J, Baric RS, 1994. A strong association between mefloquine and halofantrine resistance and amplification, overexpression, and mutation in the Pglycoprotein gene homolog (pfmdr) of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :648–658.
-
44
Wang P, Sims PFG, Hyde JE, 1997. A modified in vitro sulfadoxine susceptibility assay for Plasmodium falciparum suitable for investigating Fansidar resistance. Parasitology 115 :223–230.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1479 | 1402 | 27 |
| Full Text Views | 297 | 47 | 16 |
| PDF Downloads | 70 | 10 | 0 |