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-
1
Snow RW, Craig MH, Deichmann U, le Sueur D, 1999. A preliminary continental risk map for malaria mortality among African children. Parasitol Today 15 :99–104.
-
2
Tibayrenc M, Kjellberg F, Ayala FJ, 1990. A clonal theory of parasitic protozoa: the population structure of Entamoeba, Giardia, Leishmania, Naegleria, Plasmodium, Trichomonas and Trypanosoma, and its medical and taxonomical consequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 :2414–2418.
-
3
Babiker HA, Walliker D, 1997. Current views on the population structure of Plasmodium falciparum, implications for control. Parasitol Today 13 :262–267.
-
4
Walliker D, Babiker H, Ranford-Cartwright L, 1998. The genetic structure of malaria parasite populations. Sherman IW, ed. Malaria Parasite Biology, Pathogenesis, and Protection. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press, 235–248.
-
5
Conway DJ, Roper C, Duola AMJ, Arnot DE, Kremsner PG, Grosbusch MP, Curtis CF, Grenwood BM, 1999. High recombination rate in natural populations of Plasmodium falciparum.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 :4506–4511.
-
6
Paul REL, Day KP, 1998. Matting patterns of Plasmodium falciparum.Parasitol Today 14 :197–202.
-
7
Anderson TJC, Haubold B, Williams JT, Estrada-Franco JG, Richardson L, Mollinedo R, Bockarie M, Mokili J, Mharakurva S, French N, Whitworth J, Velez ID, Brockman AH, Nosten F, Ferreira MU, Day KP, 2000. Microsatellite markers reveal a spectrum of population structures in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.Mol Biol Evol 17 :1467–1482.
-
8
Rich SM, Ayala FJ, 2000. Population structure and recent evolution of Plasmodium falciparum.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 :6994–7001.
-
9
Adwalla P, Walliker D, Babiker H, Mackinnon M, 2001. The question of Plasmodium falciparum population structure. Trends Parasitol 17 :351–353.
-
10
Jarne P, Lagoda PJL, 1996. Microsatellites, from molecules to populations and back. TREE 11 :424–429.
-
11
Su X, Wellems TE, 1996. Toward a high-resolution Plasmodium falciparum linkage map: polymorphic markers from hundred of simple sequence repeats. Genomics 3 :430–444.
-
12
Ferdig MT, Su XZ, 2000. Microsatellite markers and genetic mapping in Plasmodium falciparum.Parasitol Today 16 :307–312.
-
13
Craig MH, Snow RW, le Sueur D, 1999. A climate-based distribution model of malaria transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa. Parasitol Today 15 :105–111.
-
14
Abderrazak SB, Oury B, Lal AA, Bosseno MF, Force-Barge P, Dujardin JP, Fandeur T, Molez JF, Kjellberg F, Ayala FJ, Tibayrenc M, 1999. Plasmodium falciparum: population genetic analysis by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and other molecular markers. Exp Parasitol 92 :232–238.
-
15
Urdaneta L, Lal AA, Barnabé C, Oury B, Goldman I, Ayala FJ, Tibayrenc M, 2001. Evidence for clonal propagation in natural isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Venezuela. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 :6725–6729.
-
16
Trager W, Jensen JB, 1976. Human malaria parasites in continuous culture. Science 193 :673–675.
-
17
Wray W, Boulikas T, Wray WP, Hancock R, 1981. Silver staining of proteins in polyacrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 118 :197–203.
-
18
Goudet J, 1995. FSTAT vers1.2, a computer program to calculate F-statistics. J Hered 8 :485–486.
-
19
S-PLUS 2000. Professional release 1, 1988–1999. Cambridge, MA: MathSoft, Inc.
-
20
Raymond M, Rousset F, 1995. Genepop version 1.2, Population genetics software for exacts test and ecumenicism. J Hered 86 :248–249.
-
21
Haubold B, Travisano M, Rainey PB, Hudson RR, 1998. Detecting linkage disequilibrium in bacterial populations. Genetics 150 :1341–1348.
-
22
Brown AHD, Feldman MW, Nevo E, 1980. Multilocus structure of natural populations of Hordeum spontaneum.Genetics 96 :523–536.
-
23
Haubold B, Hudson RR, 2000. LIAN 3.0, detecting linkage disequilibrium in multilocus data. Bioinformatics 16 :847–848.
-
24
Hudson RR, 1994. Analytical results concerning linkage disequilibrium in models with genetic transformation and conjugation. J Evol Biol 7 :535–548.
-
25
Hastings IM, Wedgwood-Oppenheim B, 1997. Sex, strains and virulence. Parasitol Today 13 :375–383.
-
26
Anderson TJ, Paul RE, Donnelly CA, Day KP, 2000. Do malaria parasites mate non-randomly in the mosquito midgut? Genet Res 75 :285–296.
-
27
Taylor LH, 1999. Infection rates in, and the number of Plasmodium falciparum genotypes carried by Anopheles mosquitoes in Tanzania. Annals Trop Med Parasitol 93 :659–662.
-
28
Leclerc MC, Durand P, de Meeus T, Robert V, Renaud F, 2002. Genetic diversity and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum isolates of Dakar, Senegal, investigated from microsatellite and antigen determinant loci. Microbes Infect 4 :685–692.
-
29
Vitalis R, Couvet D, 2001. Two-locus identity probabilities and identity disequilibrium in a partially selfing subdivided population. Genet Res 77 :67–81.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1594 | 1526 | 34 |
| Full Text Views | 244 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 67 | 7 | 0 |
SIGNIFICANT LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM AND HIGH GENETIC DIVERSITY IN A POPULATION OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM FROM AN AREA (REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO) HIGHLY ENDEMIC FOR MALARIA
P. DURAND
P. DURAND
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Génétique des Maladies Infectieuses, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
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Y. MICHALAKIS
Y. MICHALAKIS
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Génétique des Maladies Infectieuses, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
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S. CESTIER
S. CESTIER
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Génétique des Maladies Infectieuses, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
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B. OURY
B. OURY
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Génétique des Maladies Infectieuses, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
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M.C. LECLERC
M.C. LECLERC
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Génétique des Maladies Infectieuses, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
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M. TIBAYRENC
M. TIBAYRENC
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Génétique des Maladies Infectieuses, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
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F. RENAUD
F. RENAUD
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Génétique des Maladies Infectieuses, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
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A study based on 28 microsatellite loci was performed on 32 isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Pointe Noire (Republic of the Congo) and compared with a cosmopolitan sample of 21 isolates collected from different countries in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. The Pointe Noire population exhibited very high genetic diversity (A = 7.8 ± 2.6, He = 0.79 ± 0.11). Significant linkage disequilibria were observed in 28 of 378 pairs of microsatellite loci. This result could be explained by two non-exclusive hypotheses: 1) uniparental propagation (i.e., selfing), leading to non-panmictic associations, and/or 2) a Wahlund effect (i.e., spatial population genetic heterogeneity). These observations are in agreement with data previously obtained from isozyme loci of the same isolates, but contrast with other population genetic analyses conducted in other hyperendemic zones.
Author Notes
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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
Snow RW, Craig MH, Deichmann U, le Sueur D, 1999. A preliminary continental risk map for malaria mortality among African children. Parasitol Today 15 :99–104.
-
2
Tibayrenc M, Kjellberg F, Ayala FJ, 1990. A clonal theory of parasitic protozoa: the population structure of Entamoeba, Giardia, Leishmania, Naegleria, Plasmodium, Trichomonas and Trypanosoma, and its medical and taxonomical consequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 :2414–2418.
-
3
Babiker HA, Walliker D, 1997. Current views on the population structure of Plasmodium falciparum, implications for control. Parasitol Today 13 :262–267.
-
4
Walliker D, Babiker H, Ranford-Cartwright L, 1998. The genetic structure of malaria parasite populations. Sherman IW, ed. Malaria Parasite Biology, Pathogenesis, and Protection. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press, 235–248.
-
5
Conway DJ, Roper C, Duola AMJ, Arnot DE, Kremsner PG, Grosbusch MP, Curtis CF, Grenwood BM, 1999. High recombination rate in natural populations of Plasmodium falciparum.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 :4506–4511.
-
6
Paul REL, Day KP, 1998. Matting patterns of Plasmodium falciparum.Parasitol Today 14 :197–202.
-
7
Anderson TJC, Haubold B, Williams JT, Estrada-Franco JG, Richardson L, Mollinedo R, Bockarie M, Mokili J, Mharakurva S, French N, Whitworth J, Velez ID, Brockman AH, Nosten F, Ferreira MU, Day KP, 2000. Microsatellite markers reveal a spectrum of population structures in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.Mol Biol Evol 17 :1467–1482.
-
8
Rich SM, Ayala FJ, 2000. Population structure and recent evolution of Plasmodium falciparum.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 :6994–7001.
-
9
Adwalla P, Walliker D, Babiker H, Mackinnon M, 2001. The question of Plasmodium falciparum population structure. Trends Parasitol 17 :351–353.
-
10
Jarne P, Lagoda PJL, 1996. Microsatellites, from molecules to populations and back. TREE 11 :424–429.
-
11
Su X, Wellems TE, 1996. Toward a high-resolution Plasmodium falciparum linkage map: polymorphic markers from hundred of simple sequence repeats. Genomics 3 :430–444.
-
12
Ferdig MT, Su XZ, 2000. Microsatellite markers and genetic mapping in Plasmodium falciparum.Parasitol Today 16 :307–312.
-
13
Craig MH, Snow RW, le Sueur D, 1999. A climate-based distribution model of malaria transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa. Parasitol Today 15 :105–111.
-
14
Abderrazak SB, Oury B, Lal AA, Bosseno MF, Force-Barge P, Dujardin JP, Fandeur T, Molez JF, Kjellberg F, Ayala FJ, Tibayrenc M, 1999. Plasmodium falciparum: population genetic analysis by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and other molecular markers. Exp Parasitol 92 :232–238.
-
15
Urdaneta L, Lal AA, Barnabé C, Oury B, Goldman I, Ayala FJ, Tibayrenc M, 2001. Evidence for clonal propagation in natural isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Venezuela. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 :6725–6729.
-
16
Trager W, Jensen JB, 1976. Human malaria parasites in continuous culture. Science 193 :673–675.
-
17
Wray W, Boulikas T, Wray WP, Hancock R, 1981. Silver staining of proteins in polyacrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 118 :197–203.
-
18
Goudet J, 1995. FSTAT vers1.2, a computer program to calculate F-statistics. J Hered 8 :485–486.
-
19
S-PLUS 2000. Professional release 1, 1988–1999. Cambridge, MA: MathSoft, Inc.
-
20
Raymond M, Rousset F, 1995. Genepop version 1.2, Population genetics software for exacts test and ecumenicism. J Hered 86 :248–249.
-
21
Haubold B, Travisano M, Rainey PB, Hudson RR, 1998. Detecting linkage disequilibrium in bacterial populations. Genetics 150 :1341–1348.
-
22
Brown AHD, Feldman MW, Nevo E, 1980. Multilocus structure of natural populations of Hordeum spontaneum.Genetics 96 :523–536.
-
23
Haubold B, Hudson RR, 2000. LIAN 3.0, detecting linkage disequilibrium in multilocus data. Bioinformatics 16 :847–848.
-
24
Hudson RR, 1994. Analytical results concerning linkage disequilibrium in models with genetic transformation and conjugation. J Evol Biol 7 :535–548.
-
25
Hastings IM, Wedgwood-Oppenheim B, 1997. Sex, strains and virulence. Parasitol Today 13 :375–383.
-
26
Anderson TJ, Paul RE, Donnelly CA, Day KP, 2000. Do malaria parasites mate non-randomly in the mosquito midgut? Genet Res 75 :285–296.
-
27
Taylor LH, 1999. Infection rates in, and the number of Plasmodium falciparum genotypes carried by Anopheles mosquitoes in Tanzania. Annals Trop Med Parasitol 93 :659–662.
-
28
Leclerc MC, Durand P, de Meeus T, Robert V, Renaud F, 2002. Genetic diversity and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum isolates of Dakar, Senegal, investigated from microsatellite and antigen determinant loci. Microbes Infect 4 :685–692.
-
29
Vitalis R, Couvet D, 2001. Two-locus identity probabilities and identity disequilibrium in a partially selfing subdivided population. Genet Res 77 :67–81.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1594 | 1526 | 34 |
| Full Text Views | 244 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 67 | 7 | 0 |