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Reference Manager
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-
1
Kuttler KL, 1988. Worldwide impact of babesiosis. Ristic M., ed. Babesiosis of Domestic Animals and Man. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–22.
-
2
Kjemtrup AM, Conrad PA, 2000. Human babesiosis: an emerging tick-borne disease. Int J Parasitol 30 :1323–1337.
-
3
Homer JM, Aguilar-Delfin I, Telford III SR, Krause PJ, Persing DH, 2000. Babesiosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 13 :451–469.
-
4
Wei Q, Tsuji M, Zamoto A, Kohsaki M, Matsui T, Shiota T, Telford III SR, Ishihara C, 2001. Human babesiosis in Japan: isolation of Babesia microti-like parasites from an asymptomatic transfusion donor and from a rodent from an area where babesiosis is endemic. J Clin Microbiol 39 :2178–2183.
-
5
Roellinghoff M, Rommel M, 1994. Babesiosen: Biologie, Epidemiologie, und Schadwirkung (in German). Roellinghoff M, Rommel M, eds. Immunologische und molekulare Parasitologie. First edition. Jena: Germany: Gustav-Fischer Verlag, 127–144
-
6
Granwell MP, 1990. Efficacy of long-acting oxytetracycline for the prevention of tick-borne fever in calves. Vet Rec 126 :334–336.
-
7
Upcroft P, 1994. Multiple drug resistance in the pathogenic protozoa. Acta Trop 56 :195–212.
-
8
Wijaya A, Wulansari R, Ano H, Inokuma H, Makimura S, 2000. Therapeutic effect of clindamycin and tetracycline on Babesia rodhaini infection in a mouse model. J Vet Med Sci 62 :835–839.
-
9
Wittner M, Lederman J, Tanowitz HB, Rosenbaum GS, Weiss LM, 1996. Atovaquone in the treatment of Babesia microti infections in hamsters. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :219–222.
-
10
Krause PJ, Lepore T, Sikand VK, Gadbaw JJr, Burke G, Telford III SR, Brassard P, Pearl D, Azlanzadeh J, Christianson D, McGrath D, Spielman A, 2000. Atovaquone and azithromycin for the treatment of babesiosis. N Engl J Med 343 :1454–1458.
-
11
Beeson JG, Winstanley PA, McFadden GI, Brown GV, 2001. New agents to combat malaria. Nat Med 7 :149–150.
-
12
Surolia N, Surolia A, 2001. Triclosan offers protection against blood stages of malaria by inhibiting enoyl-ACP reductase of Plasmodium falciparum. Nat Med 7 :167–173.
-
13
McLeod R, Muench SP, Rafferty JB, Kyle DE, Mui EJ, Kirisits MJ, Mack DG, Roberts CW, Samuel BU, Lyons RE, Dorris M, Milhous WK, Rice DW, 2001. Triclosan inhibits the growth of Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii by inhibition of apicomplexan Fab I. Int J Parasitol 31 :109–113.
-
14
Avarzed A, Igarashi I, Kanemaru T, Hirumi K, Omata Y, Saito A, Oyamada T, Nagasawa H, Toyoda Y, Suzuki N, 1997. Improved in vitro cultivation of Babesia caballi. J Vet Med Sci 59 :479–481.
-
15
Vega CA, Buening GM, Green TJ, Carson CA, 1985. In vitro cultivation of Babesia bigemina. Am J Vet Res 46 :416–420.
-
16
Zweygarth E, Just MC, de Waal DT, 1995. Continuous in vitro cultivation of erythrocytic stages of Babesia equi. Parasitol Res 81 :355–358.
-
17
Erp EE, Smith RD, Ristic M, Osorno BM, 1980. Optimization of the suspension culture method for in vitro cultivation of Babesia bovis. Am J Vet Res 41 :2059–2062.
-
18
Igarashi I, Njonge FK, Kaneko Y, Nakamura Y, 1998. Babesia bigemina: in vitro and in vivo effects of curdlan sulfate on growth of parasites. Exp Parasitol 90 :290–293.
-
19
Reynolds ES, 1963. The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron opaque stain in electron microscopy. J Cell Biol 17 :208–212.
-
20
Stewart MJ, Parikh S, Xiao G, Tonge PJ, Kisker C, 1999. Structural basis and mechanism of enoyl reductase inhibition by triclosan. J Mol Biol 290 :859–865.
-
21
Suguna K, Surolia A, Surolia N, 2001. Structural basis for triclosan and NAD binding to enoyl-ACP reductase of Plasmodium falciparum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 283 :224–228.
-
22
Wilson RJ, Williamson DH, 1997. Extrachromosomal DNA in the apicomplexa. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 61 :1–16.
-
23
Gozar MM, Bagnara AS, 1993. Identification of a Babesia bovis gene with homology to the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene from the 35-kilobase circular DNA of Plasmodium falciparum. Int J Parasitol 23 :145–148.
-
24
Gozar MM, Bagnara AS, 1995. An organelle-like small subunit ribosomal RNA gene from Babesia bovis: nucleotide sequence, secondary structure of the transcript, and preliminary phylogenetic analysis. Int J Parasitol 25 :929–938.
-
25
Hackstein JH, Mackenstedt U, Mehlhorn H, Meijerink JP, Schubert H, Leunissen JA, 1995. Parasitic apicomplexans harbor a chlorophyll a-D1 complex, the potential target for therapeutic triazines. Parasitol Res 81 :207–216.
-
26
Jeffries AC, Johnson AM, 1996. The growing importance of the plastid-like DNAs of the apicomplexa. Int J Parasitol 26 :1139–1150.
-
27
Warhurst DC, Homewood CA, Baggaley VC, 1974. The chemotherapy of rodent malaria. XX. Autophagic vacuole formation in Plasmodium berghei in vitro. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 48 :265–281.
-
28
Osuna A, Ruiz-Perez LM, Lopez MC, Castanys S, Gamarro F, Craciunescu DG, Alonso C, 1987. Antitrypanosomal action of cisdiamminedichloro platinum(II) analogs. J Parasitol 73 :272–277.
-
29
Kaneda Y, Torii M, Tanaka T, Aikawa M, 1991. In vitro effects of berberine sulphate on the growth and structure of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Trichomonas vaginalis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 85 :417–425.
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GROWTH INHIBITORY EFFECT OF TRICLOSAN ON EQUINE AND BOVINE BABESIA PARASITES
SABINE BORK
SABINE BORK
National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Biology Department, College of Science, De La Salle University-Manila, Manila, The Philippines
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NAOAKI YOKOYAMA
NAOAKI YOKOYAMA
National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Biology Department, College of Science, De La Salle University-Manila, Manila, The Philippines
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TOMOHIDE MATSUO
TOMOHIDE MATSUO
National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Biology Department, College of Science, De La Salle University-Manila, Manila, The Philippines
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FLORENCIA G. CLAVERIA
FLORENCIA G. CLAVERIA
National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Biology Department, College of Science, De La Salle University-Manila, Manila, The Philippines
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KOZO FUJISAKI
KOZO FUJISAKI
National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Biology Department, College of Science, De La Salle University-Manila, Manila, The Philippines
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IKUO IGARASHI
IKUO IGARASHI
National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Biology Department, College of Science, De La Salle University-Manila, Manila, The Philippines
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We evaluated the growth inhibitory effect of triclosan, which has recently been reported to inhibit the growth of Plasmodium species and Toxoplasma gondii, on bovine and equine Babesia parasites in in vitro cultures. The growth of Babesia bovis and B. bigemina was significantly inhibited in the presence of 100 μg/ml of triclosan, while B. caballi and B. equi were susceptible to as low as 50 μg/ml. Babesia bigemina and B. caballi were completely cleared as early as on the first and second day of the treatment, respectively. These parasites did not exhibit any growth in the subsequent five-day period of subculture without triclosan. Drug-treated parasites appeared pycnotic and atypically shaped, and ultrastructurally showed pronounced vacuolations, leading to complete destruction of parasites. Light microscopy showed that used concentrations of triclosan showed no toxicity against the host cells. The results suggest that triclosan can be used for chemotherapy of babesiosis.
Author Notes
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-
1
Kuttler KL, 1988. Worldwide impact of babesiosis. Ristic M., ed. Babesiosis of Domestic Animals and Man. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–22.
-
2
Kjemtrup AM, Conrad PA, 2000. Human babesiosis: an emerging tick-borne disease. Int J Parasitol 30 :1323–1337.
-
3
Homer JM, Aguilar-Delfin I, Telford III SR, Krause PJ, Persing DH, 2000. Babesiosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 13 :451–469.
-
4
Wei Q, Tsuji M, Zamoto A, Kohsaki M, Matsui T, Shiota T, Telford III SR, Ishihara C, 2001. Human babesiosis in Japan: isolation of Babesia microti-like parasites from an asymptomatic transfusion donor and from a rodent from an area where babesiosis is endemic. J Clin Microbiol 39 :2178–2183.
-
5
Roellinghoff M, Rommel M, 1994. Babesiosen: Biologie, Epidemiologie, und Schadwirkung (in German). Roellinghoff M, Rommel M, eds. Immunologische und molekulare Parasitologie. First edition. Jena: Germany: Gustav-Fischer Verlag, 127–144
-
6
Granwell MP, 1990. Efficacy of long-acting oxytetracycline for the prevention of tick-borne fever in calves. Vet Rec 126 :334–336.
-
7
Upcroft P, 1994. Multiple drug resistance in the pathogenic protozoa. Acta Trop 56 :195–212.
-
8
Wijaya A, Wulansari R, Ano H, Inokuma H, Makimura S, 2000. Therapeutic effect of clindamycin and tetracycline on Babesia rodhaini infection in a mouse model. J Vet Med Sci 62 :835–839.
-
9
Wittner M, Lederman J, Tanowitz HB, Rosenbaum GS, Weiss LM, 1996. Atovaquone in the treatment of Babesia microti infections in hamsters. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :219–222.
-
10
Krause PJ, Lepore T, Sikand VK, Gadbaw JJr, Burke G, Telford III SR, Brassard P, Pearl D, Azlanzadeh J, Christianson D, McGrath D, Spielman A, 2000. Atovaquone and azithromycin for the treatment of babesiosis. N Engl J Med 343 :1454–1458.
-
11
Beeson JG, Winstanley PA, McFadden GI, Brown GV, 2001. New agents to combat malaria. Nat Med 7 :149–150.
-
12
Surolia N, Surolia A, 2001. Triclosan offers protection against blood stages of malaria by inhibiting enoyl-ACP reductase of Plasmodium falciparum. Nat Med 7 :167–173.
-
13
McLeod R, Muench SP, Rafferty JB, Kyle DE, Mui EJ, Kirisits MJ, Mack DG, Roberts CW, Samuel BU, Lyons RE, Dorris M, Milhous WK, Rice DW, 2001. Triclosan inhibits the growth of Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii by inhibition of apicomplexan Fab I. Int J Parasitol 31 :109–113.
-
14
Avarzed A, Igarashi I, Kanemaru T, Hirumi K, Omata Y, Saito A, Oyamada T, Nagasawa H, Toyoda Y, Suzuki N, 1997. Improved in vitro cultivation of Babesia caballi. J Vet Med Sci 59 :479–481.
-
15
Vega CA, Buening GM, Green TJ, Carson CA, 1985. In vitro cultivation of Babesia bigemina. Am J Vet Res 46 :416–420.
-
16
Zweygarth E, Just MC, de Waal DT, 1995. Continuous in vitro cultivation of erythrocytic stages of Babesia equi. Parasitol Res 81 :355–358.
-
17
Erp EE, Smith RD, Ristic M, Osorno BM, 1980. Optimization of the suspension culture method for in vitro cultivation of Babesia bovis. Am J Vet Res 41 :2059–2062.
-
18
Igarashi I, Njonge FK, Kaneko Y, Nakamura Y, 1998. Babesia bigemina: in vitro and in vivo effects of curdlan sulfate on growth of parasites. Exp Parasitol 90 :290–293.
-
19
Reynolds ES, 1963. The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron opaque stain in electron microscopy. J Cell Biol 17 :208–212.
-
20
Stewart MJ, Parikh S, Xiao G, Tonge PJ, Kisker C, 1999. Structural basis and mechanism of enoyl reductase inhibition by triclosan. J Mol Biol 290 :859–865.
-
21
Suguna K, Surolia A, Surolia N, 2001. Structural basis for triclosan and NAD binding to enoyl-ACP reductase of Plasmodium falciparum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 283 :224–228.
-
22
Wilson RJ, Williamson DH, 1997. Extrachromosomal DNA in the apicomplexa. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 61 :1–16.
-
23
Gozar MM, Bagnara AS, 1993. Identification of a Babesia bovis gene with homology to the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene from the 35-kilobase circular DNA of Plasmodium falciparum. Int J Parasitol 23 :145–148.
-
24
Gozar MM, Bagnara AS, 1995. An organelle-like small subunit ribosomal RNA gene from Babesia bovis: nucleotide sequence, secondary structure of the transcript, and preliminary phylogenetic analysis. Int J Parasitol 25 :929–938.
-
25
Hackstein JH, Mackenstedt U, Mehlhorn H, Meijerink JP, Schubert H, Leunissen JA, 1995. Parasitic apicomplexans harbor a chlorophyll a-D1 complex, the potential target for therapeutic triazines. Parasitol Res 81 :207–216.
-
26
Jeffries AC, Johnson AM, 1996. The growing importance of the plastid-like DNAs of the apicomplexa. Int J Parasitol 26 :1139–1150.
-
27
Warhurst DC, Homewood CA, Baggaley VC, 1974. The chemotherapy of rodent malaria. XX. Autophagic vacuole formation in Plasmodium berghei in vitro. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 48 :265–281.
-
28
Osuna A, Ruiz-Perez LM, Lopez MC, Castanys S, Gamarro F, Craciunescu DG, Alonso C, 1987. Antitrypanosomal action of cisdiamminedichloro platinum(II) analogs. J Parasitol 73 :272–277.
-
29
Kaneda Y, Torii M, Tanaka T, Aikawa M, 1991. In vitro effects of berberine sulphate on the growth and structure of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Trichomonas vaginalis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 85 :417–425.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 402 | 334 | 14 |
| Full Text Views | 324 | 7 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 62 | 7 | 0 |