- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Study communities, endemicity of Chagas’ disease, and triatomine vectors.
- Further evidence for transmission of Chagas’ disease in the Venezuelan community.
- Protective efficacy of impregnated bed nets against bites by Chagas’ disease vectors and vector mortality.
- Vector behavior when exposed to impregnated bed nets.
- Residual efficacy of pyrethroids against triatomine vectors.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Diaz JPC, Silveira AC, Schofield CJ, 2002. The impact of Chagas disease control in Latin America - a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97 :603–612.
-
2
Basombrío MA, Schofield CJ, Rojas CL, del Rey CE, 1998. A cost-benefit analysis of Chagas disease control in NorthWestern Argentina. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 92 :137–143.
-
3
World Health Organization, 1997; Chagas disease. Interruption of transmission. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 72 :1–5.
-
4
Moncayo A, 1999. Progress towards interruption of transmission of Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 (Suppl I):401–404.
-
5
Schmunis GA, Zicker F, Moncayo A, 1996. Interruption of Chagas’ disease transmission through vector elimination (letter). Lancet 348 :1171.
-
6
Gonzalez A, 2000. Epidémia de malaria en la Guajíra: una muestra lamentable de la situación de salud pública en el pais. Biomedica 20 :151–152.
-
7
Schmunis GA, Dias JCP, 2000. La reforma del sector salud, descentralización, prevención y control de enfermedades trasmitidas por vectores. Cad Saude Publica 16 (Suppl 2):177–183.
-
8
Guhl F, Schofield CJ, 1996. Population genetics and control of triatominae. Parasitol Today 12 :169–170.
-
9
Molina JA, Gualdrón LE, Brochero HL, Olano VA, Barrios D, Guhl F, 2000. Distribución actual e importancia epidemiológica de las especies de triatominos (Reduviidae: Triatominae) en Colombia. Biomedica 20 :344–360.
-
10
Feliciangeli MF, Dujardin JP, Bastrenta B, Mazari M, Villegas J, Flores M, Muñoz M, 2002. Is Rhodius robustus (Hemiptera: Reduviiae) responsible for Chagas disease transmission in Western Venezuela? Trop Med Int Health 7 :280–287.
-
11
World Health Organization, 2000. Control of Chagas disease. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 905.
-
12
Silveira AC, 2000 Current situation with Chagas disease vector control in the Americas. Cad Saude Publica 16 (Suppl) 2:35–42.
-
13
Diotaiuti L, Faria FO, Carneiro FC, Dias JCP, Pires HHR, Schofield CJ, 2000. Operational aspects of Triatoma brasiliensis control. Cad Saude Publica 16 (Suppl 2):61–67.
-
14
Aché A, Matos AJ, 2001. Interrupting Chagas disease transmission in Venezuela. Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo 43 :37–43.
-
15
Behrend M, Beltran M, Restrepo M, Kroeger A, 2002. Control de la enfermedad de Chagas en bancos de sangre en Colombia. Biomedica 22 :39–45.
-
16
Kroeger A, Ordoñez-Gonzalez J, Behrend M, Alvarez G, 1999. Bed net impregnation for Chagas disease control: a new perspective. Trop Med Int Health 4 :194–198.
-
17
Wood E, Licastro SA, Casabe N, Picollo M, Alzogarray R, Zerba E. 1999. A new tactic for Triatoma infestans control: fabrics impregnated with beta-cypermethrin. Pan Am J Public Health 6 :1–7.
-
18
Castillo D, Wolff M, 2000. Aspectos del comportamiento de los tratominos (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), vectores de la enfermedad de Chagas. Biomedica 20 :59–64.
-
19
Teixeira MGM, Borges-Pereira J, Peralta J, 1994. Avaliacao de testes serológicos para a deteccao de infeccao pelo Trypanosoma cruzi. Rev Bras Patol Clin 30 :133–139.
-
20
Chavasse D, Reed C, Attawell K, 1999. Insecticide Treated Net Projects. A Handbook for Managers. London and Liverpool: Malaria Consortium.
-
21
Lugo de Yarbuh A, 1984. Factor de permeablidiad de las deyecciones de R. prolixus (Hemipteria: Triatominae). Biol Div Malariol San Amb 24 :1–4.
-
22
World Health Organization, 1991. Control of Chagas disease. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 81.
-
23
Rozendaal JA, 1997. Vector Control. Methods for Use by Individuals and Communities. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
24
Vassena CV, Picollo MI, Zerba EN, 2000. Insecticide resistance in Brazilian Triatoma infestans and Venezuelan Rhodnius prolixus. Med Vet Entomology 14 :51–55.
-
25
Carcavallo R, Galindez I, Surborg S, Lent H, eds, 1998. Atlas of Chagas’ Disease Vectors in the Americas. Rio de Janeiro: Editorial Fiocruz.
-
26
Hatty M, Galindez I, Carrioli ML, 1992. Isozyme variability and differentiation between Rhodnius prolixus, Rhodnius robustus and Rhodnius pictipes vectors of Chagas disease in Venezuela. Med Vet Entomol 6 :37–43.
-
27
Gómez-Nuñez JC, 1969. Resting places, dispersal and survival of CO-tagged adult Rhodnius prolixus. J Med Entomol 6 :83–86.
-
28
Whitlaw JT, Chaniotis BN, 1978. Palm trees and Chagas disease in Panama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 27 :873–881.
-
29
Schofield CJ, Diotaiuti L, Dujardin JP, 1999. The process of domestication in Triatominae. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 (Suppl 1):375–378.
-
30
Alzogaray RA, Zerba EN, 1999. Evaluation of effects on locomotor activity and repellency of pyrethroids in Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 15 :410.
-
31
Oliveira FAM, 1999. Differences of susceptibility of five triatomine species to pyrethroid insecticides, implications for Chagas disease vector control. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 (Suppl l):425–428.
-
32
Schofield CJ, 1994. Triatominae: Biology and Control. Bognor Regis, United Kingdom: Eurocomunica Publications.
-
33
Kroeger A, Ayala C, Medina A, 2002. Unit costs for residual house-spraying and bednet impregnation for residual insecticides in Colombia: a management tool for the control of vector-borne disease. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :405–416.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 258 | 236 | 93 |
| Full Text Views | 271 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 88 | 12 | 0 |
PREVENTION OF THE TRANSMISSION OF CHAGAS’ DISEASE WITH PYRETHROID-IMPREGNATED MATERIALS
AXEL KROEGER
AXEL KROEGER
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Universidad de los Andes, Nucleo Trujillo, Venezuela; Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Medellin, Colombia; Unidad de Control de Vectores, Norte de Santander, Colombia
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ELCI VILLEGAS
ELCI VILLEGAS
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Universidad de los Andes, Nucleo Trujillo, Venezuela; Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Medellin, Colombia; Unidad de Control de Vectores, Norte de Santander, Colombia
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JOSÉ ORDOÑEZ-GONZÁLEZ
JOSÉ ORDOÑEZ-GONZÁLEZ
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Universidad de los Andes, Nucleo Trujillo, Venezuela; Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Medellin, Colombia; Unidad de Control de Vectores, Norte de Santander, Colombia
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EULIDES PABON
EULIDES PABON
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Universidad de los Andes, Nucleo Trujillo, Venezuela; Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Medellin, Colombia; Unidad de Control de Vectores, Norte de Santander, Colombia
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JOSÉ VICENTE SCORZA
JOSÉ VICENTE SCORZA
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Universidad de los Andes, Nucleo Trujillo, Venezuela; Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Medellin, Colombia; Unidad de Control de Vectores, Norte de Santander, Colombia
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Interrupting the transmission of Chagas’ disease using insecticide-treated materials could be a cost-effective option, particularly for sylvatic vectors, which enter houses at night. A randomized trial was undertaken that included all houses in two communities in regions endemic for this disease, one in Venezuela (50 houses) and one in Colombia (47 houses). After a baseline study (including a short questionnaire survey, entomologic assessment, and Chagas’ disease serology), each household was randomly allocated to either the intervention group, which used pyre-throid-impregnated bed nets, or the control group, which used unimpregnated bed nets. Serologic analysis of children in the baseline study showed active transmission of Chagas’ disease in the Venezuelan community (10.7% of 103 children were positive), but none in the Colombian community (0% of 100 children were positive). Vectors were sylvatic and bugs entered the houses at night in both communities. The efficacy of pyrethroids against triatomine vectors was tested in Venezuela by exposing Rhodnius prolixus to lambdacyhalothrin-impregnated fabrics and in Colombia by residual house spraying with deltamethrin. This randomized trial showed that in both countries users of impregnated bed nets were well protected from vector bites (immediate benefit). The long-term effect on the community was high vector mortality. In Venezuela, all 62 vectors detected (mainly R. robustus) died within 72 hours of contact with impregnated bed nets. In houses that used unimpregnated nets, only 24.5% (13 of 53) of the vectors died (P < 0.001). The vectors most likely came from infested palm trees and they maintained transmission of the disease in this community (28.1% of 629 R. robustus were positive for Trypanosoma cruzi). Bioassays showed that the mortality rate of R. prolixus was 100% on lambdacyhalothrin-impregnated materials. In addition, in Colombia (the main vector was R. prolixus), the effect of repellent on vectors (driving them away from impregnated nets) was significant. Thus, users of impregnated bed nets are well protected from transmission of Chagas’ disease, and vector reduction or elimination can potentially be achieved in areas infested with R. prolixus and R. robustus.
Author Notes
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Study communities, endemicity of Chagas’ disease, and triatomine vectors.
- Further evidence for transmission of Chagas’ disease in the Venezuelan community.
- Protective efficacy of impregnated bed nets against bites by Chagas’ disease vectors and vector mortality.
- Vector behavior when exposed to impregnated bed nets.
- Residual efficacy of pyrethroids against triatomine vectors.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Diaz JPC, Silveira AC, Schofield CJ, 2002. The impact of Chagas disease control in Latin America - a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97 :603–612.
-
2
Basombrío MA, Schofield CJ, Rojas CL, del Rey CE, 1998. A cost-benefit analysis of Chagas disease control in NorthWestern Argentina. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 92 :137–143.
-
3
World Health Organization, 1997; Chagas disease. Interruption of transmission. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 72 :1–5.
-
4
Moncayo A, 1999. Progress towards interruption of transmission of Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 (Suppl I):401–404.
-
5
Schmunis GA, Zicker F, Moncayo A, 1996. Interruption of Chagas’ disease transmission through vector elimination (letter). Lancet 348 :1171.
-
6
Gonzalez A, 2000. Epidémia de malaria en la Guajíra: una muestra lamentable de la situación de salud pública en el pais. Biomedica 20 :151–152.
-
7
Schmunis GA, Dias JCP, 2000. La reforma del sector salud, descentralización, prevención y control de enfermedades trasmitidas por vectores. Cad Saude Publica 16 (Suppl 2):177–183.
-
8
Guhl F, Schofield CJ, 1996. Population genetics and control of triatominae. Parasitol Today 12 :169–170.
-
9
Molina JA, Gualdrón LE, Brochero HL, Olano VA, Barrios D, Guhl F, 2000. Distribución actual e importancia epidemiológica de las especies de triatominos (Reduviidae: Triatominae) en Colombia. Biomedica 20 :344–360.
-
10
Feliciangeli MF, Dujardin JP, Bastrenta B, Mazari M, Villegas J, Flores M, Muñoz M, 2002. Is Rhodius robustus (Hemiptera: Reduviiae) responsible for Chagas disease transmission in Western Venezuela? Trop Med Int Health 7 :280–287.
-
11
World Health Organization, 2000. Control of Chagas disease. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 905.
-
12
Silveira AC, 2000 Current situation with Chagas disease vector control in the Americas. Cad Saude Publica 16 (Suppl) 2:35–42.
-
13
Diotaiuti L, Faria FO, Carneiro FC, Dias JCP, Pires HHR, Schofield CJ, 2000. Operational aspects of Triatoma brasiliensis control. Cad Saude Publica 16 (Suppl 2):61–67.
-
14
Aché A, Matos AJ, 2001. Interrupting Chagas disease transmission in Venezuela. Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo 43 :37–43.
-
15
Behrend M, Beltran M, Restrepo M, Kroeger A, 2002. Control de la enfermedad de Chagas en bancos de sangre en Colombia. Biomedica 22 :39–45.
-
16
Kroeger A, Ordoñez-Gonzalez J, Behrend M, Alvarez G, 1999. Bed net impregnation for Chagas disease control: a new perspective. Trop Med Int Health 4 :194–198.
-
17
Wood E, Licastro SA, Casabe N, Picollo M, Alzogarray R, Zerba E. 1999. A new tactic for Triatoma infestans control: fabrics impregnated with beta-cypermethrin. Pan Am J Public Health 6 :1–7.
-
18
Castillo D, Wolff M, 2000. Aspectos del comportamiento de los tratominos (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), vectores de la enfermedad de Chagas. Biomedica 20 :59–64.
-
19
Teixeira MGM, Borges-Pereira J, Peralta J, 1994. Avaliacao de testes serológicos para a deteccao de infeccao pelo Trypanosoma cruzi. Rev Bras Patol Clin 30 :133–139.
-
20
Chavasse D, Reed C, Attawell K, 1999. Insecticide Treated Net Projects. A Handbook for Managers. London and Liverpool: Malaria Consortium.
-
21
Lugo de Yarbuh A, 1984. Factor de permeablidiad de las deyecciones de R. prolixus (Hemipteria: Triatominae). Biol Div Malariol San Amb 24 :1–4.
-
22
World Health Organization, 1991. Control of Chagas disease. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 81.
-
23
Rozendaal JA, 1997. Vector Control. Methods for Use by Individuals and Communities. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
24
Vassena CV, Picollo MI, Zerba EN, 2000. Insecticide resistance in Brazilian Triatoma infestans and Venezuelan Rhodnius prolixus. Med Vet Entomology 14 :51–55.
-
25
Carcavallo R, Galindez I, Surborg S, Lent H, eds, 1998. Atlas of Chagas’ Disease Vectors in the Americas. Rio de Janeiro: Editorial Fiocruz.
-
26
Hatty M, Galindez I, Carrioli ML, 1992. Isozyme variability and differentiation between Rhodnius prolixus, Rhodnius robustus and Rhodnius pictipes vectors of Chagas disease in Venezuela. Med Vet Entomol 6 :37–43.
-
27
Gómez-Nuñez JC, 1969. Resting places, dispersal and survival of CO-tagged adult Rhodnius prolixus. J Med Entomol 6 :83–86.
-
28
Whitlaw JT, Chaniotis BN, 1978. Palm trees and Chagas disease in Panama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 27 :873–881.
-
29
Schofield CJ, Diotaiuti L, Dujardin JP, 1999. The process of domestication in Triatominae. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 (Suppl 1):375–378.
-
30
Alzogaray RA, Zerba EN, 1999. Evaluation of effects on locomotor activity and repellency of pyrethroids in Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 15 :410.
-
31
Oliveira FAM, 1999. Differences of susceptibility of five triatomine species to pyrethroid insecticides, implications for Chagas disease vector control. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 (Suppl l):425–428.
-
32
Schofield CJ, 1994. Triatominae: Biology and Control. Bognor Regis, United Kingdom: Eurocomunica Publications.
-
33
Kroeger A, Ayala C, Medina A, 2002. Unit costs for residual house-spraying and bednet impregnation for residual insecticides in Colombia: a management tool for the control of vector-borne disease. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :405–416.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 258 | 236 | 93 |
| Full Text Views | 271 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 88 | 12 | 0 |