- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Uptake and maturation of filarial parasites in mosquitoes fed on untreated volunteers.
- Relationships between blood microfilaremia and W. bancrofti infection in mosquitoes.
- Microfilaria concentration effect.
- Microfilaria threshold effect.
- Effect of DEC treatment on MF uptake and L3 production by mosquitoes.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Ottesen EA, Ramachandran CP, 1995. Lymphatic filariasis infection and diseases: control strategies. Parasitol Today 11 :129–131.
-
2
Ottesen E, 2000. The global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Trop Med Int Health 5 :591–594.
-
3
Molyneux D, Neira M, Liese B, Heymann D, 2001. Elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem: setting the scene for elimination. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :589–591.
-
4
Harb M, Faris R, Gad AM, Hafez ON, Ramzy RM, Buck AA, 1993. The resurgence of lymphatic filariasis in the Nile Delta. Bull World Health Organ 71 :49–54.
-
5
Southgate B, 1979. Bancroftian filariasis in Egypt. Trop Dis Bull 76 :1045–1068.
-
6
Weil GJ, Ramzy RMR, El Setouhy M, Kandil AM, Ahmed ES, Faris R, 1999. A longitudinal study of Bancroftian filariasis in the Nile Delta of Egypt: baseline data and one-year follow-up. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :53–58.
-
7
World Health Organization, 1984. WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis. Fourth Report. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 702.
-
8
Gelband H, 1994. Diethylcarbamazine salt in the control of lymphatic filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :655–662.
-
9
Kimura E, Matakia JU, 1996. Control of lymphatic filariasis by annual single-dose diethylcarbamazine treatments. Parasitol Today 12 :240–244.
-
10
Michael E, Meyrowitsch D W, Simonsen, PE, 1996. Cost and cost effectiveness of mass diethylcarbamazine chemotherapy for the control of bancroftian filariasis: comparison of four strategies in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 1 :414–426.
-
11
Cao W, van der Ploeg CPB, Plaisier AP, van der Slujis IJS, Habbema JDK, 1997. Ivermectin for chemotherapy of bancroftian filariasis: a meta-analysis of the effect of single treatment. Trop Med Int Health 2 :393–403.
-
12
World Health Organization, 1994. Lymphatic Filariasis Infection and Disease: Control Strategies. Geneva: World Health Organization. TDR/CTD/FIL/PENANG/94.1
-
13
Weerasooriya MV, Kimura E, Dayaratna DA, Weerasooriya TR, Samarawickrema WA, 1998. Efficacy of a single dose treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria carriers with diethylcarbamazine in Matra, Sri Lanka. Ceylon Med J 43 :151–155.
-
14
Ottesen EA, 1985. Efficacy of diethylcarbamazine in eradicating infection with lymphatic-dwelling filariae in humans. Rev Infect Dis 7 :341–356.
-
15
McCarthy JS, Guinea A, Weil GJ, Ottesen EA, 1995. Clearance of circulating filarial antigen as a measure of the macrofilaricidal activity of diethylcarbamazine in Wuchereria bancrofti infection. J Infect Dis 172 :521–526.
-
16
Noroes J, Dreyer G, Santos A, Mendes VG, Medeiros Z, Addis D, 1997. Assessment of the efficacy of diethylcarbamazine on adult Wuchereria bancrofti in vivo.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :78–81.
-
17
Kimura E, Penaia L, Spears FS, 1985. The efficacy of annual single-dose treatment with diethylcarbamazine citrate against diurnally subperiodic bancroftian filariasis in Samoa. Bull World Health Organ 63 :1097–1106.
-
18
Bryan JH, Southgate BA, 1976. Some observations on filariasis in Western Samoa after mass administration of diethylcarbamazine. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 70 :39–48.
-
19
Southgate BA, 1992. The significance of low density microfilaremia in the transmission of lymphatic filarial parasites. J Trop Med Hyg 95 :79–86.
-
20
Bryan JH, Southgate BA, 1988. Factors affecting transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti by anopheline mosquitoes. 1. Uptake of microfilariae. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 82 :128–137.
-
21
Gad AM, Farid HA, Hammad REI, Hussein MA, Kaschef AH, 1996. Host-parasite relationships of Wuchereria bancrofti and mosquito hosts, Culex pipiens L. and Aedes caspius Pallas. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 26 :93–104.
-
22
Lowrie RC Jr, Eberhard ML, Lammie PJ, Raccurt CP, Katz SP, Duverseau YT, 1989. Uptake and development of Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex quinquefasciatus that fed on Haitian carriers with different microfilaria densities. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41 :429–435.
-
23
Gad AM, Hammad REI, Farid HA, 1996. Uptake and development of Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex pipiens L. and Aedes caspius Pallas. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 26 :305–314.
-
24
Brito AC, Fontes G, Williams P, Rocha MME, 1998. Bancroftian filariasis in Maceio, state of Alagoas, Brazil: Observations on Culex quinquefasciatus after blood feeding on individuals with different densities of microfilariae in the peripheral blood stream. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :489–494.
-
25
Hammad RE, Morsy ZS, Farid HA, 1998. Relationship between Culex pipiens infection with Wuchereria bancrofti and microfilaria levels in human blood. J Union Arab Biol 9 :441–453.
-
26
Ramzy RMR, El Setouhy M, Helmy H, Kandil A, Salah E, Farid HA, Faris R, Weil GJ, 2002. Impact of single dose diethylcarbamazine treatment of filariasis in a low endemicity area in Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :196–200.
-
27
Southgate BA, Bryan JH, 1992. Factors affecting transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti by anopheline mosquitoes. 4. Facilitation, limitation, proportionality and their epidemiological significance. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :523–530.
-
28
Obiamiwe BA, 1977. Relationship between microfilarial density, the number of microfilariae ingested by mosquitoes and the proportion of mosquitoes with larvae. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 71 :491–500.
-
29
McGreevy PB, Kolstrup N, Tao J, McGreevy MM, De C Marshall TF, 1982. Ingestion and development of Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles gambiae, and Aedes aegypti after feeding on humans with varying densities of microfilariae in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 76 :288–296.
-
30
Chen CC, Fan PC, 1977. The effect of diethylcarbamazine treatment on the development of bancroftian microfilariae in Culex p. fatigans.Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 8 :53–55.
-
31
Subramanian S, Krishnamoorthy K, Ramaiah KD, Habbema JDF, Das PK, Plaisier AP, 1998. The relationship between microfilarial load in the human host and uptake and development of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae by Culex quinquefasciatus: a study under natural conditions. Parasitology 116 :243–255.
-
32
Eberhard ML, Roberts IM, Lammie PJ, Lowrie RC Jr, 1988. Comparative densities of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria in paired samples of capillary and venous blood. Trop Med Parasitol 39 :295–298.
-
33
Sabry M, 1991. A quantitative relationship between Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria counts by venous blood filtration and finger-prick blood films. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85 :506–510.
-
34
Shaoqing Z, Quingiung Z, Feng C, Lili W, Guoping P, 1991. Threshold of transmission of Brugia malayi by Anopheles sinensis.J Trop Med Hyg 94 :245–250.
-
35
World Health Organization, 1983. Report of the Steering Committee of the Scientific Working Group on Filariasis. January–June 1983. Mimeographed document TDR/FIL, SC-SWG (80–83)/83.3, Geneva: World Health Organization, 1–82.
-
36
Ramzy RMR, Farid HA, Kamal IH, Ibrahim GH, Morsy ZS, Faris R, Weil GJ, Williams SA, Gad AM, 1997. A polymerase chain reaction-based assay for detection of Wuchereria bancrofti in human blood and Culex pipiens.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 9 :156–160.
-
37
Farid H A, Hammad RE, Hassan MM, Morsy ZS, Kamal IH, Weil, GJ, Ramzy RMR, 2001. Detection of Wuchereria bancrofti in mosquitoes by the polymerase chain reaction: a potentially useful tool for large-scale control programmes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :29–32.
-
38
Song JM, Ma K, 1988. Role of low density microfilaremia in the transmission of filariasis in areas where bancroftian filariasis is virtually eliminated (in Chinese). Chin J Parasitol Parasitic Dis 6 :71.
-
39
Zhong-Xing L, Zhong-Jun S, 1988. A Field Survey on the Role of Low-Density Microfilaremia Cases in the Transmission of Filariasis. Geneva: World Health Organization. Mimeographed document series WHO/FIL/88. 182, 1–5.
-
40
Hairston XG, de Meillon B, 1968. On the inefficiency of transmission of W. bancrofti from mosquito to human host. Bull World Health Organ 38 :39–41.
-
41
Chlebowsky HO, Zielke E, 1980. Studies on bancroftian filariasis in Liberia, West Africa. III. Efficacy of repeated treatment with diethylcarbamazine and vector control on the microfilaria reservoir in a rural population. Trop Med Parasitol 31 :181–193.
-
42
Eberhard ML, Lowrie R C Jr, Lammie PJ, 1988. Persistence of microfilaremia in bancroftian filariasis after diethylcarbamazine citrate therapy. Trop Med Parasitol 39 :128–130.
-
43
Laigret J, Fagneaux G, Tuira E, 1978. Progrès dans L’emploi de la diéthylcarbamazine en chimiothérapie de la filariose lymphatique à Wuchereria banchrofti var. pacifica: La méthode des doses espacées. Bull Organ Mondiale Sante 56 :985–990.
-
44
Ottesen EA, Vijayasekara V, Kumaraswami V, Perumal Pillai SV, Sadanandam A, Fredrerick S, Prabhakar R, Tripathy SP, 1987. A controlled trial of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine in lymphatic filariasis. N Engl J Med 322 :1153–1157.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 341 | 297 | 10 |
| Full Text Views | 256 | 6 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 36 | 6 | 0 |
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI MICROFILARIA COUNTS IN HUMAN BLOOD AND PARASITE UPTAKE AND MATURATION IN CULEX PIPIENS, WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE TREATMENT ON THESE PARAMETERS
HODA A. FARID
HODA A. FARID
Research and Training Center on Vectors of Diseases, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Search for other papers by HODA A. FARID in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by HODA A. FARID in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
RAGAA E. HAMMAD
RAGAA E. HAMMAD
Research and Training Center on Vectors of Diseases, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Search for other papers by RAGAA E. HAMMAD in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by RAGAA E. HAMMAD in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
DOAA A. SOLIMAN
DOAA A. SOLIMAN
Research and Training Center on Vectors of Diseases, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Search for other papers by DOAA A. SOLIMAN in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by DOAA A. SOLIMAN in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
MAGED A. EL SETOUHY
MAGED A. EL SETOUHY
Research and Training Center on Vectors of Diseases, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Search for other papers by MAGED A. EL SETOUHY in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by MAGED A. EL SETOUHY in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
REDA M. R. RAMZY
REDA M. R. RAMZY
Research and Training Center on Vectors of Diseases, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Search for other papers by REDA M. R. RAMZY in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by REDA M. R. RAMZY in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
GARY J. WEIL
GARY J. WEIL
Research and Training Center on Vectors of Diseases, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Search for other papers by GARY J. WEIL in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by GARY J. WEIL in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
This study examined relationships between blood microfilaria (MF) counts and parasite uptake and maturation in Culex pipiens fed on Egyptian volunteers with bancroftian filariasis. Uptake of MF and production of infective larvae (L3) were more closely correlated with MF counts in finger prick blood than in venous blood. Only a minority of ingested MF developed into L3. Few MF were ingested, and very few L3 were produced by mosquitoes that fed on infected subjects who were amicrofilaremic by 50 μL thick blood smear; the contribution of such carriers to filariasis transmission in Egypt is probably negligible. These results suggest that filariasis elimination programs should aim to achieve MF smear rates of zero. Single-dose diethylcarbamazine therapy reduced MF counts by 87.9% 6–7 months after treatment; similar reductions were observed for MF uptake, MF/mosquito, infectivity, and L3/mosquito. Thus, single-dose diethylcarbamazine had a major impact on MF ingestion and L3 production by mosquitoes.
Author Notes
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Uptake and maturation of filarial parasites in mosquitoes fed on untreated volunteers.
- Relationships between blood microfilaremia and W. bancrofti infection in mosquitoes.
- Microfilaria concentration effect.
- Microfilaria threshold effect.
- Effect of DEC treatment on MF uptake and L3 production by mosquitoes.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Ottesen EA, Ramachandran CP, 1995. Lymphatic filariasis infection and diseases: control strategies. Parasitol Today 11 :129–131.
-
2
Ottesen E, 2000. The global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Trop Med Int Health 5 :591–594.
-
3
Molyneux D, Neira M, Liese B, Heymann D, 2001. Elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem: setting the scene for elimination. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :589–591.
-
4
Harb M, Faris R, Gad AM, Hafez ON, Ramzy RM, Buck AA, 1993. The resurgence of lymphatic filariasis in the Nile Delta. Bull World Health Organ 71 :49–54.
-
5
Southgate B, 1979. Bancroftian filariasis in Egypt. Trop Dis Bull 76 :1045–1068.
-
6
Weil GJ, Ramzy RMR, El Setouhy M, Kandil AM, Ahmed ES, Faris R, 1999. A longitudinal study of Bancroftian filariasis in the Nile Delta of Egypt: baseline data and one-year follow-up. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :53–58.
-
7
World Health Organization, 1984. WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis. Fourth Report. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 702.
-
8
Gelband H, 1994. Diethylcarbamazine salt in the control of lymphatic filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :655–662.
-
9
Kimura E, Matakia JU, 1996. Control of lymphatic filariasis by annual single-dose diethylcarbamazine treatments. Parasitol Today 12 :240–244.
-
10
Michael E, Meyrowitsch D W, Simonsen, PE, 1996. Cost and cost effectiveness of mass diethylcarbamazine chemotherapy for the control of bancroftian filariasis: comparison of four strategies in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 1 :414–426.
-
11
Cao W, van der Ploeg CPB, Plaisier AP, van der Slujis IJS, Habbema JDK, 1997. Ivermectin for chemotherapy of bancroftian filariasis: a meta-analysis of the effect of single treatment. Trop Med Int Health 2 :393–403.
-
12
World Health Organization, 1994. Lymphatic Filariasis Infection and Disease: Control Strategies. Geneva: World Health Organization. TDR/CTD/FIL/PENANG/94.1
-
13
Weerasooriya MV, Kimura E, Dayaratna DA, Weerasooriya TR, Samarawickrema WA, 1998. Efficacy of a single dose treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria carriers with diethylcarbamazine in Matra, Sri Lanka. Ceylon Med J 43 :151–155.
-
14
Ottesen EA, 1985. Efficacy of diethylcarbamazine in eradicating infection with lymphatic-dwelling filariae in humans. Rev Infect Dis 7 :341–356.
-
15
McCarthy JS, Guinea A, Weil GJ, Ottesen EA, 1995. Clearance of circulating filarial antigen as a measure of the macrofilaricidal activity of diethylcarbamazine in Wuchereria bancrofti infection. J Infect Dis 172 :521–526.
-
16
Noroes J, Dreyer G, Santos A, Mendes VG, Medeiros Z, Addis D, 1997. Assessment of the efficacy of diethylcarbamazine on adult Wuchereria bancrofti in vivo.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :78–81.
-
17
Kimura E, Penaia L, Spears FS, 1985. The efficacy of annual single-dose treatment with diethylcarbamazine citrate against diurnally subperiodic bancroftian filariasis in Samoa. Bull World Health Organ 63 :1097–1106.
-
18
Bryan JH, Southgate BA, 1976. Some observations on filariasis in Western Samoa after mass administration of diethylcarbamazine. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 70 :39–48.
-
19
Southgate BA, 1992. The significance of low density microfilaremia in the transmission of lymphatic filarial parasites. J Trop Med Hyg 95 :79–86.
-
20
Bryan JH, Southgate BA, 1988. Factors affecting transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti by anopheline mosquitoes. 1. Uptake of microfilariae. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 82 :128–137.
-
21
Gad AM, Farid HA, Hammad REI, Hussein MA, Kaschef AH, 1996. Host-parasite relationships of Wuchereria bancrofti and mosquito hosts, Culex pipiens L. and Aedes caspius Pallas. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 26 :93–104.
-
22
Lowrie RC Jr, Eberhard ML, Lammie PJ, Raccurt CP, Katz SP, Duverseau YT, 1989. Uptake and development of Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex quinquefasciatus that fed on Haitian carriers with different microfilaria densities. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41 :429–435.
-
23
Gad AM, Hammad REI, Farid HA, 1996. Uptake and development of Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex pipiens L. and Aedes caspius Pallas. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 26 :305–314.
-
24
Brito AC, Fontes G, Williams P, Rocha MME, 1998. Bancroftian filariasis in Maceio, state of Alagoas, Brazil: Observations on Culex quinquefasciatus after blood feeding on individuals with different densities of microfilariae in the peripheral blood stream. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :489–494.
-
25
Hammad RE, Morsy ZS, Farid HA, 1998. Relationship between Culex pipiens infection with Wuchereria bancrofti and microfilaria levels in human blood. J Union Arab Biol 9 :441–453.
-
26
Ramzy RMR, El Setouhy M, Helmy H, Kandil A, Salah E, Farid HA, Faris R, Weil GJ, 2002. Impact of single dose diethylcarbamazine treatment of filariasis in a low endemicity area in Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :196–200.
-
27
Southgate BA, Bryan JH, 1992. Factors affecting transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti by anopheline mosquitoes. 4. Facilitation, limitation, proportionality and their epidemiological significance. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :523–530.
-
28
Obiamiwe BA, 1977. Relationship between microfilarial density, the number of microfilariae ingested by mosquitoes and the proportion of mosquitoes with larvae. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 71 :491–500.
-
29
McGreevy PB, Kolstrup N, Tao J, McGreevy MM, De C Marshall TF, 1982. Ingestion and development of Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles gambiae, and Aedes aegypti after feeding on humans with varying densities of microfilariae in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 76 :288–296.
-
30
Chen CC, Fan PC, 1977. The effect of diethylcarbamazine treatment on the development of bancroftian microfilariae in Culex p. fatigans.Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 8 :53–55.
-
31
Subramanian S, Krishnamoorthy K, Ramaiah KD, Habbema JDF, Das PK, Plaisier AP, 1998. The relationship between microfilarial load in the human host and uptake and development of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae by Culex quinquefasciatus: a study under natural conditions. Parasitology 116 :243–255.
-
32
Eberhard ML, Roberts IM, Lammie PJ, Lowrie RC Jr, 1988. Comparative densities of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria in paired samples of capillary and venous blood. Trop Med Parasitol 39 :295–298.
-
33
Sabry M, 1991. A quantitative relationship between Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria counts by venous blood filtration and finger-prick blood films. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85 :506–510.
-
34
Shaoqing Z, Quingiung Z, Feng C, Lili W, Guoping P, 1991. Threshold of transmission of Brugia malayi by Anopheles sinensis.J Trop Med Hyg 94 :245–250.
-
35
World Health Organization, 1983. Report of the Steering Committee of the Scientific Working Group on Filariasis. January–June 1983. Mimeographed document TDR/FIL, SC-SWG (80–83)/83.3, Geneva: World Health Organization, 1–82.
-
36
Ramzy RMR, Farid HA, Kamal IH, Ibrahim GH, Morsy ZS, Faris R, Weil GJ, Williams SA, Gad AM, 1997. A polymerase chain reaction-based assay for detection of Wuchereria bancrofti in human blood and Culex pipiens.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 9 :156–160.
-
37
Farid H A, Hammad RE, Hassan MM, Morsy ZS, Kamal IH, Weil, GJ, Ramzy RMR, 2001. Detection of Wuchereria bancrofti in mosquitoes by the polymerase chain reaction: a potentially useful tool for large-scale control programmes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :29–32.
-
38
Song JM, Ma K, 1988. Role of low density microfilaremia in the transmission of filariasis in areas where bancroftian filariasis is virtually eliminated (in Chinese). Chin J Parasitol Parasitic Dis 6 :71.
-
39
Zhong-Xing L, Zhong-Jun S, 1988. A Field Survey on the Role of Low-Density Microfilaremia Cases in the Transmission of Filariasis. Geneva: World Health Organization. Mimeographed document series WHO/FIL/88. 182, 1–5.
-
40
Hairston XG, de Meillon B, 1968. On the inefficiency of transmission of W. bancrofti from mosquito to human host. Bull World Health Organ 38 :39–41.
-
41
Chlebowsky HO, Zielke E, 1980. Studies on bancroftian filariasis in Liberia, West Africa. III. Efficacy of repeated treatment with diethylcarbamazine and vector control on the microfilaria reservoir in a rural population. Trop Med Parasitol 31 :181–193.
-
42
Eberhard ML, Lowrie R C Jr, Lammie PJ, 1988. Persistence of microfilaremia in bancroftian filariasis after diethylcarbamazine citrate therapy. Trop Med Parasitol 39 :128–130.
-
43
Laigret J, Fagneaux G, Tuira E, 1978. Progrès dans L’emploi de la diéthylcarbamazine en chimiothérapie de la filariose lymphatique à Wuchereria banchrofti var. pacifica: La méthode des doses espacées. Bull Organ Mondiale Sante 56 :985–990.
-
44
Ottesen EA, Vijayasekara V, Kumaraswami V, Perumal Pillai SV, Sadanandam A, Fredrerick S, Prabhakar R, Tripathy SP, 1987. A controlled trial of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine in lymphatic filariasis. N Engl J Med 322 :1153–1157.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 341 | 297 | 10 |
| Full Text Views | 256 | 6 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 36 | 6 | 0 |