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1
Davis NL, Willis LV, Smith JF, Johnston RE, 1989. In vitro synthesis of infectious Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus RNA from a cDNA clone: analysis of a viable deletion mutant. Virology 171 :189–204.
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2
Davis NL, Powell N, Greenwald GF, Willis LV, Johnson BJB, Smith JF, Johnston RE, 1991. Attenuating mutations in the E2 glycoprotein gene of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: construction of single and multiple mutants in a full-length CDNA clone. Virology 183 :20–31.
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3
Grieder FB, Nguyen HT, 1996. Virulent and attenuated mutant Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus show marked differences in replication in infection in murine macrophages. Microb Pathog 21 :85–95.
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4
Schoepp RJ, Smith JF, Parker MD, 2002. Recombinant chimeric western and eastern equine encephalitis viruses as potential vaccine candidates. Virology 302 :299–309.
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5
Hammon W McD, Reeves WC, Brookman B, Gjullin CM, 1942. Mosquitoes and encephalitis in the Yakima Valley, Washington. V. Summary of the case against Culex tarsalis Coquillett as a vector of the St. Louis and western equine viruses. J Infect Dis 70: 278–283.
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6
Reisen WK, Monath TP, 1989 . Western equine encephalomyelitis. Monath T, ed., Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Volume V. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 89–137.
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7
Hardy JL, Reeves WC, 1990 . Experimental studies on infection in vectors. Reeves WC, ed., Ecology and Control of Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses in California, 1943–1987. Sacramento: California Mosquito Control Association, Inc., 145–253.
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8
Bianchi TI, Aviles G, Monath TP, Sabattini MS, 1993. Western equine encephalomyelitis: virulence markers and their epidemiologic significance. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :322–328.
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9
Gargan TP II, Bailey CL, Higbee GA, Gad A, El Said S, 1983. The effect of laboratory colonization on the vector-pathogen interactions of Egyptian Culex pipiens and Rift Valley fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32: 1154–1163.
-
10
Rosen L, Gubler D, 1974. The use of mosquitoes to detect and propagate dengue viruses.Am J Trop Med Hyg 23 :1153–1160.
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11
Pedersen CE Jr, Robinson DM, Cole FE Jr, 1972. Isolation of the vaccine strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus from mosquitoes in Louisiana.Am J Epidemiol 95 :490–496.
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12
Kramer LD, Hardy JL, Presser SB, Houk EJ, 1981. Dissemination barriers for western equine encephalomyelitis virus in Culex tarsalis infected after ingestion of low viral doses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30 :190–197.
-
13
Tempelis CH, 1975. Host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes, with a review of advances in analysis of blood meals by serology. J Med Entomol 11 :635–653.
-
14
Turell MJ, Ludwig GV, Kondig J, Smith JF, 1999. Limited potential for mosquito transmission of genetically engineered, live-attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine candidates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :1041–1044.
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| Abstract Views | 13 | 13 | 3 |
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LIMITED POTENTIAL FOR MOSQUITO TRANSMISSION OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED, LIVE-ATTENUATED WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS VACCINE CANDIDATES
MICHAEL J. TURELL
MICHAEL J. TURELL
Vector Assessment Branch, Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
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MONICA L. O’GUINN
MONICA L. O’GUINN
Vector Assessment Branch, Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
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MICHAEL D. PARKER
MICHAEL D. PARKER
Vector Assessment Branch, Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
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Specific mutations associated with attenuation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus in rodent models were identified during efforts to develop an improved VEE vaccine. Analogous mutations were produced in full-length cDNA clones of the Cba 87 strain of western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus by site-directed mutagenesis in an attempt to develop an improved WEE vaccine. Isogenic viral strains with these mutations were recovered after transfection of baby hamster kidney cells with infectious RNA. We evaluated two of these strains (WE2102 and WE2130) for their ability to replicate in and be transmitted by Culex tarsalis, the principal natural vector of WEE virus in the United States. Each of the vaccine candidates contained a deletion of the PE2 furin cleavage site and a secondary mutation in the E1 or E2 glycoprotein. Both of these potential candidates replicated in mosquitoes significantly less efficiently than did either wild-type WEE (Cba 87) virus or the parental clone (WE2000). Likewise, after intrathoracic inoculation, mosquitoes transmitted the vaccine candidate strains significantly less efficiently than they transmitted either the wild-type or the parental clone. One-day-old chickens vaccinated with either of the two vaccine candidates did not become viremic when challenged with virulent WEE virus two weeks later. Mutations that result in less efficient replication in or transmission by mosquitoes should enhance vaccine safety and reduce the possibility of accidental introduction of the vaccine strain to unintentional hosts.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Davis NL, Willis LV, Smith JF, Johnston RE, 1989. In vitro synthesis of infectious Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus RNA from a cDNA clone: analysis of a viable deletion mutant. Virology 171 :189–204.
-
2
Davis NL, Powell N, Greenwald GF, Willis LV, Johnson BJB, Smith JF, Johnston RE, 1991. Attenuating mutations in the E2 glycoprotein gene of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: construction of single and multiple mutants in a full-length CDNA clone. Virology 183 :20–31.
-
3
Grieder FB, Nguyen HT, 1996. Virulent and attenuated mutant Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus show marked differences in replication in infection in murine macrophages. Microb Pathog 21 :85–95.
-
4
Schoepp RJ, Smith JF, Parker MD, 2002. Recombinant chimeric western and eastern equine encephalitis viruses as potential vaccine candidates. Virology 302 :299–309.
-
5
Hammon W McD, Reeves WC, Brookman B, Gjullin CM, 1942. Mosquitoes and encephalitis in the Yakima Valley, Washington. V. Summary of the case against Culex tarsalis Coquillett as a vector of the St. Louis and western equine viruses. J Infect Dis 70: 278–283.
-
6
Reisen WK, Monath TP, 1989 . Western equine encephalomyelitis. Monath T, ed., Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Volume V. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 89–137.
-
7
Hardy JL, Reeves WC, 1990 . Experimental studies on infection in vectors. Reeves WC, ed., Ecology and Control of Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses in California, 1943–1987. Sacramento: California Mosquito Control Association, Inc., 145–253.
-
8
Bianchi TI, Aviles G, Monath TP, Sabattini MS, 1993. Western equine encephalomyelitis: virulence markers and their epidemiologic significance. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :322–328.
-
9
Gargan TP II, Bailey CL, Higbee GA, Gad A, El Said S, 1983. The effect of laboratory colonization on the vector-pathogen interactions of Egyptian Culex pipiens and Rift Valley fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32: 1154–1163.
-
10
Rosen L, Gubler D, 1974. The use of mosquitoes to detect and propagate dengue viruses.Am J Trop Med Hyg 23 :1153–1160.
-
11
Pedersen CE Jr, Robinson DM, Cole FE Jr, 1972. Isolation of the vaccine strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus from mosquitoes in Louisiana.Am J Epidemiol 95 :490–496.
-
12
Kramer LD, Hardy JL, Presser SB, Houk EJ, 1981. Dissemination barriers for western equine encephalomyelitis virus in Culex tarsalis infected after ingestion of low viral doses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30 :190–197.
-
13
Tempelis CH, 1975. Host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes, with a review of advances in analysis of blood meals by serology. J Med Entomol 11 :635–653.
-
14
Turell MJ, Ludwig GV, Kondig J, Smith JF, 1999. Limited potential for mosquito transmission of genetically engineered, live-attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine candidates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :1041–1044.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 13 | 13 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 227 | 93 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 41 | 16 | 0 |