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-
1
World Health Organization, 1996. Investing in health research for development. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Health Research Relating to Future Intervention Options. Report No: TDR/Gen/96.1. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2
Gilles HM, 1991. Introduction. In A practical handbook in the management of severe and complicated malaria, 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1–4.
-
3
White NJ, Nosten F, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, Looareesuwan S, Watkins WM, Marsh K, Snow RW, Kokwaro G, Ouma J, Hien TT, Moyneux ME, Taylor TE, Newbold CI, Ruebush TK, Danis M, Greenwood BM, Anderson RM, Olliaro P, 1999. Averting a malaria disaster. Lancet 353 :1965–1967.
-
4
White NJ, 1994. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of artemisinin derivatives. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :41–43.
-
5
Teja-Isavadharm P, Watt G, Eamsila C, Jongsakul K, Li Q, Keeratithakul G, Teja-Isavadharm P, Watt G, Eamsila C, Jongsakul K, Li Q, Keeratithakul D, Sirisopana N, Luesutthiviboon L, Brewer TG, Kyle DE, 2001. Comparative pharmacokinetics and effect kinetics of orally. administered artesunate in healthy volunteers and patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :717–721.
-
6
Rowland M, Thomas N, 1995. Therapeutic regimens. In Clinical pharmacokinetics—concepts and applications, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 83–105.
-
7
Barradell LB, Fitton A, 1995. Artesunate: A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of malaria. Drugs 50 :714–741.
-
9
Benakis A, Paris M, Loutan L, Plessas CT, Plessas ST, 1996. Pharmacokinetic study of a new pharmaceutical form of artesunate (Plasmotrim-200 Rectocaps) administered in healthy volunteers by rectal route. Jpn J Trop Med Hyg 24 :39–45.
-
10
Awad MI, Eltayeb IB, Taylor RB (submitted). Pharmacokinetics of artesunate following oral and rectal administration in healthy Sudanese volunteers.
-
11
Looareesuwan S, Wilairatana P, Vanijanonta S, Viravan C, Andrial M, 1995. Efficacy and tolerability of a sequential artesunate suppository plus mefloquine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria. Annu Trop Med Parasitol 89 :469–475.
-
12
Looareesuwan S, Wilairatana P, Andrial M, 1996. Artesunate suppository for treatment of severe falciparum malaria in Thailand. Jpn J Trop Med Hyg 24 :13–15.
-
13
Thwe Y, Than M, Phay S, ZawOo A, YuSoe A, 1996. Artesunate-mefloquine tablets (Plasmotrim Rectocaps, Mefloquine Lactab) in the treatment of severe malaria. Jpn J Trop Med Hyg 24 :25–32.
-
14
Eduardo A, Gomez L, 1996. Efficacy of artesunate suppository followed by oral mefloquine in the treatment of severe malaria in endemic areas where resistance to chloroquine exists in Ecuador. Jpn J Trop Med Hyg 24 :17–24.
-
15
Bhatt K, Bhatt S, Omonge E, Otekol L, Andrial M, 1996. Efficacy and tolerability of a sequential artesunate suppository-mefloquine treatment of severe review falciparum malaria. Jpn J Trop Med Hyg 24 :59–63.
-
16
Halpaap B, Maryse N, Paris M, Benakis A, Peter G, 1998. Plasma levels of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin in children with plasmodium falciparum malaria in Gabon after administration of 50 milligram artesunate suppositories. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :365–368.
-
17
World Health Organization Severe Malaria Task Force, 1997. Task force on artesunate suppositories for malaria treatment. TDR/UNDP/World Bank/Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
18
World Health Organization Severe Malaria Task Force, 1999. Workplan of the severe malaria Task Force. TDR/UNDP/ World Bank/Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
19
Bunnag D, Viravan C, Looareesuwan S, Karbwang J, Harinasuta T, 1991. Clinical trial of artesunate and artemether in multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand: a Preliminary report. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 22 :380–385.
-
20
White NJ, Olliaro PL, 1996. Strategies for the prevention of antimalarial drug resistance: rationale for combination chemotherapy of malaria. Parasitol Today 12 :399–401.
-
21
World Health Organization, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :1–90.
-
22
Price RN, Nosten F, Luxemburger C, ter Kuile FO, Phaipun L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, 1996. Effects of artemisinin derivatives on malaria transmissibility. Lancet 347 :11654–11658.
-
23
Warrell DA, Molyneux ME, Beales PF, 1990. Severe and complicated malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :1–65.
-
24
Von Seidlein L, Milligan P, Pinder M, Bojang K, Anyalebechi C, Gosling R, Coleman R, Ude JI, Sadiq A, Duraisingh M, Warhurst D, Alloueche A, Targett G, McAdam K, Greenwood B, Walraven G, Olliaro P and Doherty T, 2000. Efficacy of artesunate plus pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine for uncomplicated malaria in Gambian children: a double-blind randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 355 :352–357.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 15 | 15 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 251 | 74 | 0 |
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DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF ARTESUNATE SUPPOSITORY IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER ANTIMALARIALS IN THE TREATMENT OF SEVERE MALARIA IN SUDAN
M. I. AWAD
M. I. AWAD
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Department of Internal Medicine and Applied Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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A. M. Y. ALKADRU
A. M. Y. ALKADRU
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Department of Internal Medicine and Applied Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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R. H. BEHRENS
R. H. BEHRENS
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Department of Internal Medicine and Applied Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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O. Z. BARAKA
O. Z. BARAKA
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Department of Internal Medicine and Applied Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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I. B. ELTAYEB
I. B. ELTAYEB
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Department of Internal Medicine and Applied Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Documentation on the efficacy of artesunate in Africa is limited, and no experience of artesunate use in Sudan is documented. Severe malaria in rural areas of Sudan, where facilities for the safe and effective use of parenteral quinine are lacking, is a frequent problem. Early treatment with artesunate suppositories would provide a simple method for use by unskilled staff and would be an alternative approach to treat malaria in settings with poor resources. We describe a hospital-based study of rectal artesunate in 100 adult patients with severe falciparum malaria with a dose derived from pharmacokinetic data (200 mg every 8 hours) over 3 days, which halted progression of severe disease and had a low fatality rate. The dosage schedule led to a rapid clinical response and reduced parasite clearance and fever subsidence times of (31.5 ± 10.1 hours) and (31.4 ± 11.1 hours). The sequential treatment of rectal artesunate with either doxycycline or pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine or mefloquine resulted in similar clinical cure rates of around 100%, and the combination of artesunate with either doxycycline or pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine was equally effective as mefloquine in preventing recrudescence. There were no significant adverse effects or signs of toxicity related to the treatment observed during the 28-day follow-up. The combination regimens could be used in areas where there is limited access to parenteral therapy for malaria.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
World Health Organization, 1996. Investing in health research for development. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Health Research Relating to Future Intervention Options. Report No: TDR/Gen/96.1. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2
Gilles HM, 1991. Introduction. In A practical handbook in the management of severe and complicated malaria, 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1–4.
-
3
White NJ, Nosten F, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, Looareesuwan S, Watkins WM, Marsh K, Snow RW, Kokwaro G, Ouma J, Hien TT, Moyneux ME, Taylor TE, Newbold CI, Ruebush TK, Danis M, Greenwood BM, Anderson RM, Olliaro P, 1999. Averting a malaria disaster. Lancet 353 :1965–1967.
-
4
White NJ, 1994. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of artemisinin derivatives. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :41–43.
-
5
Teja-Isavadharm P, Watt G, Eamsila C, Jongsakul K, Li Q, Keeratithakul G, Teja-Isavadharm P, Watt G, Eamsila C, Jongsakul K, Li Q, Keeratithakul D, Sirisopana N, Luesutthiviboon L, Brewer TG, Kyle DE, 2001. Comparative pharmacokinetics and effect kinetics of orally. administered artesunate in healthy volunteers and patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :717–721.
-
6
Rowland M, Thomas N, 1995. Therapeutic regimens. In Clinical pharmacokinetics—concepts and applications, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 83–105.
-
7
Barradell LB, Fitton A, 1995. Artesunate: A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of malaria. Drugs 50 :714–741.
-
9
Benakis A, Paris M, Loutan L, Plessas CT, Plessas ST, 1996. Pharmacokinetic study of a new pharmaceutical form of artesunate (Plasmotrim-200 Rectocaps) administered in healthy volunteers by rectal route. Jpn J Trop Med Hyg 24 :39–45.
-
10
Awad MI, Eltayeb IB, Taylor RB (submitted). Pharmacokinetics of artesunate following oral and rectal administration in healthy Sudanese volunteers.
-
11
Looareesuwan S, Wilairatana P, Vanijanonta S, Viravan C, Andrial M, 1995. Efficacy and tolerability of a sequential artesunate suppository plus mefloquine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria. Annu Trop Med Parasitol 89 :469–475.
-
12
Looareesuwan S, Wilairatana P, Andrial M, 1996. Artesunate suppository for treatment of severe falciparum malaria in Thailand. Jpn J Trop Med Hyg 24 :13–15.
-
13
Thwe Y, Than M, Phay S, ZawOo A, YuSoe A, 1996. Artesunate-mefloquine tablets (Plasmotrim Rectocaps, Mefloquine Lactab) in the treatment of severe malaria. Jpn J Trop Med Hyg 24 :25–32.
-
14
Eduardo A, Gomez L, 1996. Efficacy of artesunate suppository followed by oral mefloquine in the treatment of severe malaria in endemic areas where resistance to chloroquine exists in Ecuador. Jpn J Trop Med Hyg 24 :17–24.
-
15
Bhatt K, Bhatt S, Omonge E, Otekol L, Andrial M, 1996. Efficacy and tolerability of a sequential artesunate suppository-mefloquine treatment of severe review falciparum malaria. Jpn J Trop Med Hyg 24 :59–63.
-
16
Halpaap B, Maryse N, Paris M, Benakis A, Peter G, 1998. Plasma levels of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin in children with plasmodium falciparum malaria in Gabon after administration of 50 milligram artesunate suppositories. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :365–368.
-
17
World Health Organization Severe Malaria Task Force, 1997. Task force on artesunate suppositories for malaria treatment. TDR/UNDP/World Bank/Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
18
World Health Organization Severe Malaria Task Force, 1999. Workplan of the severe malaria Task Force. TDR/UNDP/ World Bank/Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
19
Bunnag D, Viravan C, Looareesuwan S, Karbwang J, Harinasuta T, 1991. Clinical trial of artesunate and artemether in multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand: a Preliminary report. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 22 :380–385.
-
20
White NJ, Olliaro PL, 1996. Strategies for the prevention of antimalarial drug resistance: rationale for combination chemotherapy of malaria. Parasitol Today 12 :399–401.
-
21
World Health Organization, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :1–90.
-
22
Price RN, Nosten F, Luxemburger C, ter Kuile FO, Phaipun L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, 1996. Effects of artemisinin derivatives on malaria transmissibility. Lancet 347 :11654–11658.
-
23
Warrell DA, Molyneux ME, Beales PF, 1990. Severe and complicated malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :1–65.
-
24
Von Seidlein L, Milligan P, Pinder M, Bojang K, Anyalebechi C, Gosling R, Coleman R, Ude JI, Sadiq A, Duraisingh M, Warhurst D, Alloueche A, Targett G, McAdam K, Greenwood B, Walraven G, Olliaro P and Doherty T, 2000. Efficacy of artesunate plus pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine for uncomplicated malaria in Gambian children: a double-blind randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 355 :352–357.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 15 | 15 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 251 | 74 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 60 | 14 | 0 |