Bloland PB, Kazembe PN, Oloo AJ, Himonga B, Barat LM, Ruebush TK, 1998. Chloroquine in Africa: critical assessment and recommendations for monitoring and evaluating chloroquine therapy efficacy in sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Int Health 3 :543–552.
White NJ, Nosten F, Looareesuwan S, Watkins WM, Marsh K, Snow RW, Kokwaro G, Ouma J, Hien TT, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE, Newbold CI, Ruebush TK 2nd, Danis M, Greenwood BM, Anderson RM, Olliaro P, 1999. Averting a malaria disaster. Lancet 353 :1965–1967.
Mberu EK, Mosobo MK, Nzila AM, Kokwaro GO, Sibley CH, Watkins WM, 2000. The changing in vitro susceptibility pattern to pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Kilifi, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :396–401.
Bijl HM, Kager J, Koetsier DW, van der Werf TS, 2000. Chloroquine- and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-resistant falciparum malaria in vivo—a pilot study in rural Zambia. Trop Med Int Health 5 :692–695.
Ronn AM, Msangeni HA, Mhina J, Wernsdorfer WH, Bygbjerg IC, 1996. High level of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to sulfadoxine- pyrimethamine in children in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :179–181.
Mutabingwa T, Nzila A, Mberu E, Nduati E, Winstanley P, Hills E, Watkins W, 2001. Chlorproguanil-dapsone for treatment of drug-resistant falciparum malaria in Tanzania. Lancet 358 :1218–1223.
White NJ, 1999. Delaying antimalarial drug resistance with combination chemotherapy. Parassitologia 41 :301–308.
McIntosh HM, 2001. Chloroquine or amodiaquine combined with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for treating uncomplicated malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4.
Sezi CL, Nevil C, Ochen K, Munafu CG, Bekobita D, 1991. The response of Plasmodium falciparum to 4-aminoquinolines and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine at six sites scattered throughout Uganda. Uganda Med J 8 :33–46.
Bojang KA, Schneider G, Forck S, Obaro SK, Jaffar S, Pinder M, Rowley J, Greenwood BM, 1998. A trial of Fansidar plus chloroquine or Fansidar alone for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Gambian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :73–76.
Darlow B, Vrbova H, Gibney S, Jolley D, Stace J, Alpers M, 1982. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of acute malaria in children in Papua New Guinea. I. Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31 :1–9.
Staedke SG, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, Gasasira A, Ndeezi G, Charlebois ED, Rosenthal PJ, 2001. Amodiaquine, sulfadoxine/ pyrimethamine, and combination therapy for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kampala, Uganda: a randomised trial. Lancet 358 :368–374.
Dorsey G, Njama D, Kamya MR, Cattamanchi A, Kyabayinze D, Staedke SG, Gasasira A, Rosenthal PJ, 2002. Short and long-term efficacies for uncomplicated malaria of sulfadoxine/ pyrimethamine alone or in combination with amodiaquine or artesunate: a longitudinal randomized trial in Ugandan children. Lancet (in press).
World Health Organization, 1990. Severe and complicated malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :1–65.
Mount D, Nahlen B, Patchen L, Churchill F, 1989. Adaptations of Saker-Solomons test: simple, reliable colorimetric field assays for chloroquine and its metabolites in urine. Bull WHO 67 :295–300.
World Health Organization, 1996. Assessment of therapuetic efficacy of antimalarial drugs for uncomplicated malaria in areas with intense transmission. Geneva: WHO.
Kamya MR, Dorsey G, Gasasira A, Ndeezi G, Babirye JN, Staedke SG, Rosenthal PJ, 2001. The comparative efficacy of chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kampala, Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :50–55.
Kamya MR, Bakyaita NN, Talisuna AO, Were WM, Staedke SG, Increasing antimalarial drug resistance in Uganda and revision of the national drug policy. Trop Med Int Health (in press).
von Seidlein L, Jawara M, Coleman R, Doherty T, Walraven G, Targett G, 2001. Parasitaemia and gametocytaemia after treatment with chloroquine, pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine, and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine combined with artesunate in young Gambians with uncomplicated malaria. Trop Med Int Health 6 :92–98.
Robert V, Awono-Ambene HP, Le Hesran JY, Trape JF, 2000. Gametocytemia and infectivity to mosquitoes of patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria attacks treated with chloroquine or sulfadoxine plus pyrimethamine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :210–216.
Sokhna CS, Trape JF, Robert V, 2001. Gametocytaemia in Senegalese children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria treated with chloroquine, amodiaquine or sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine. Parasite 8 :243–250.
Price R, Nosten F, Simpson JA, Luxemburger C, Phaipun L, ter Kuile F, van Vugt M, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, 1999. Risk factors for gametocyte carriage in uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :1019–1023.
Felix H, Danis M, 1987. [Malaria prevention today and tomorrow.] Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 80 :581–592.
Nevill CG, Verhoeff FH, Munafu CG, ten Hove WR, van der Kaay HJ, Were JB, 1994. A comparison of amodiaquine and chloroquine in the treatment therapy of falciparum malaria in Kenya. East Afr Med J 71 :167–170.
Phillips-Howard PA, West LJ, 1990. Serious adverse drug reactions to pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine, pyrimethamine-dapsone and to amodiaquine in Britain. J R Soc Med 83 :82–85.
Olliaro P, Nevill C, LeBras J, Ringwald P, Mussano P, Garner P, Brasseur P, 1996. Systematic review of amodiaquine treatment in uncomplicated malaria. Lancet 348 :1196–1201.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 13 | 13 | 5 |
Full Text Views | 233 | 85 | 1 |
PDF Downloads | 29 | 16 | 0 |
Resistance to chloroquine (CQ) requires its replacement as first-line therapy for uncomplicated malaria in much of Africa. Combination therapy may improve efficacy and delay the selection of resistant malaria parasites. Combinations of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) with 4-aminoquinolines offer affordable and available alternatives to CQ. We conducted a randomized, single-blinded trial to compare the efficacy of SP monotherapy with combinations of SP and either CQ or amodiaquine (AQ) for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in patients over 6 months of age in Kampala, Uganda. Of the 448 patients enrolled, 428 (95%) completed follow-up. Clinical treatment failure after 14 days occurred in 21/140 (15.0%, 95% CI 9.5–22.0%) SP-treated, 11/152 (7.2%, 95% CI 3.7–12.6%) SP/CQ-treated, and 0/136 (0%, 95% CI 0–2.7%) SP/AQ-treated patients. Combination therapies were safe and offered superior efficacy to SP monotherapy. SP/AQ was the most efficacious. This low-cost combination regimen may provide an optimal alternative to CQ for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Uganda.
Bloland PB, Kazembe PN, Oloo AJ, Himonga B, Barat LM, Ruebush TK, 1998. Chloroquine in Africa: critical assessment and recommendations for monitoring and evaluating chloroquine therapy efficacy in sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Int Health 3 :543–552.
White NJ, Nosten F, Looareesuwan S, Watkins WM, Marsh K, Snow RW, Kokwaro G, Ouma J, Hien TT, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE, Newbold CI, Ruebush TK 2nd, Danis M, Greenwood BM, Anderson RM, Olliaro P, 1999. Averting a malaria disaster. Lancet 353 :1965–1967.
Mberu EK, Mosobo MK, Nzila AM, Kokwaro GO, Sibley CH, Watkins WM, 2000. The changing in vitro susceptibility pattern to pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Kilifi, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :396–401.
Bijl HM, Kager J, Koetsier DW, van der Werf TS, 2000. Chloroquine- and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-resistant falciparum malaria in vivo—a pilot study in rural Zambia. Trop Med Int Health 5 :692–695.
Ronn AM, Msangeni HA, Mhina J, Wernsdorfer WH, Bygbjerg IC, 1996. High level of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to sulfadoxine- pyrimethamine in children in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :179–181.
Mutabingwa T, Nzila A, Mberu E, Nduati E, Winstanley P, Hills E, Watkins W, 2001. Chlorproguanil-dapsone for treatment of drug-resistant falciparum malaria in Tanzania. Lancet 358 :1218–1223.
White NJ, 1999. Delaying antimalarial drug resistance with combination chemotherapy. Parassitologia 41 :301–308.
McIntosh HM, 2001. Chloroquine or amodiaquine combined with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for treating uncomplicated malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4.
Sezi CL, Nevil C, Ochen K, Munafu CG, Bekobita D, 1991. The response of Plasmodium falciparum to 4-aminoquinolines and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine at six sites scattered throughout Uganda. Uganda Med J 8 :33–46.
Bojang KA, Schneider G, Forck S, Obaro SK, Jaffar S, Pinder M, Rowley J, Greenwood BM, 1998. A trial of Fansidar plus chloroquine or Fansidar alone for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Gambian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :73–76.
Darlow B, Vrbova H, Gibney S, Jolley D, Stace J, Alpers M, 1982. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of acute malaria in children in Papua New Guinea. I. Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31 :1–9.
Staedke SG, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, Gasasira A, Ndeezi G, Charlebois ED, Rosenthal PJ, 2001. Amodiaquine, sulfadoxine/ pyrimethamine, and combination therapy for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kampala, Uganda: a randomised trial. Lancet 358 :368–374.
Dorsey G, Njama D, Kamya MR, Cattamanchi A, Kyabayinze D, Staedke SG, Gasasira A, Rosenthal PJ, 2002. Short and long-term efficacies for uncomplicated malaria of sulfadoxine/ pyrimethamine alone or in combination with amodiaquine or artesunate: a longitudinal randomized trial in Ugandan children. Lancet (in press).
World Health Organization, 1990. Severe and complicated malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :1–65.
Mount D, Nahlen B, Patchen L, Churchill F, 1989. Adaptations of Saker-Solomons test: simple, reliable colorimetric field assays for chloroquine and its metabolites in urine. Bull WHO 67 :295–300.
World Health Organization, 1996. Assessment of therapuetic efficacy of antimalarial drugs for uncomplicated malaria in areas with intense transmission. Geneva: WHO.
Kamya MR, Dorsey G, Gasasira A, Ndeezi G, Babirye JN, Staedke SG, Rosenthal PJ, 2001. The comparative efficacy of chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kampala, Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :50–55.
Kamya MR, Bakyaita NN, Talisuna AO, Were WM, Staedke SG, Increasing antimalarial drug resistance in Uganda and revision of the national drug policy. Trop Med Int Health (in press).
von Seidlein L, Jawara M, Coleman R, Doherty T, Walraven G, Targett G, 2001. Parasitaemia and gametocytaemia after treatment with chloroquine, pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine, and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine combined with artesunate in young Gambians with uncomplicated malaria. Trop Med Int Health 6 :92–98.
Robert V, Awono-Ambene HP, Le Hesran JY, Trape JF, 2000. Gametocytemia and infectivity to mosquitoes of patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria attacks treated with chloroquine or sulfadoxine plus pyrimethamine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :210–216.
Sokhna CS, Trape JF, Robert V, 2001. Gametocytaemia in Senegalese children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria treated with chloroquine, amodiaquine or sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine. Parasite 8 :243–250.
Price R, Nosten F, Simpson JA, Luxemburger C, Phaipun L, ter Kuile F, van Vugt M, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, 1999. Risk factors for gametocyte carriage in uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :1019–1023.
Felix H, Danis M, 1987. [Malaria prevention today and tomorrow.] Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 80 :581–592.
Nevill CG, Verhoeff FH, Munafu CG, ten Hove WR, van der Kaay HJ, Were JB, 1994. A comparison of amodiaquine and chloroquine in the treatment therapy of falciparum malaria in Kenya. East Afr Med J 71 :167–170.
Phillips-Howard PA, West LJ, 1990. Serious adverse drug reactions to pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine, pyrimethamine-dapsone and to amodiaquine in Britain. J R Soc Med 83 :82–85.
Olliaro P, Nevill C, LeBras J, Ringwald P, Mussano P, Garner P, Brasseur P, 1996. Systematic review of amodiaquine treatment in uncomplicated malaria. Lancet 348 :1196–1201.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 13 | 13 | 5 |
Full Text Views | 233 | 85 | 1 |
PDF Downloads | 29 | 16 | 0 |