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-
1
Turkof E, Tambwekar S, Kamal S, El-Dahrawi M, Mansukhani K, Soliman H, Ciovica R, Mayr N, 1998. Leprosy affects facial nerves at the main trunk: neurolysis can possibly avoid transfer procedures. Plast Reconstr Surg 102 :1565–1573.
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2
Antia NH, Divekar SC, Dastur DK, 1966. The facial nerve in leprosy. I. Clinical and operative aspects. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 34 :103–117.
-
3
Job CK, Desikan KV, 1968. Pathologic changes and their distribution in peripheral nerves in lepromatous leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 36 :257–270.
-
4
Selby RC, 1974. Neurosurgical aspects of leprosy. Surg Neurol 2 :165–177.
-
5
Malaviya GN, Ramu G, 1981. Loss of taste and somatic sensations over the tongue in leprous facial palsy - a case report. Lepr India 53 :656–659.
-
6
Reichart PA, Srisuwan S, Metah D, 1982. Lesions of the facial and trigeminal nerve in leprosy. An evaluation of 43 cases. Int J Oral Surg 11 :14–20.
-
7
Hogeweg M, Kiran KU, Suneetha S, 1991. The significance of facial patches and type I reaction for the development of facial nerve damage in leprosy. A retrospective study among 1,226 paucibacillary leprosy patients. Lepr Rev 62 :143–149.
-
8
Lubbers WJ, Schipper A, Hogeweg M, de Soldenhoff R, 1994. Paralysis of facial muscles in leprosy patients with lagophthalmos. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 62 :220–224.
-
9
Ranney DA, Furness MA, Santhanakrishnan CK, 1973. Misreinnervation in leprous neuritis affecting the facial nerve. Lepr Rev 43 :151–158.
-
10
Anonymous, 1995. Leprosy. Report of a Meeting of Physicians and Scientists at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. Lancet 345: 697-703 11. Miko TL, Le Maitre C, Kinfu Y, 1993. Damage and regeneration of peripheral nerves in advanced treated leprosy. Lancet 342 :521–525.
-
12
Miko TL, Gschmeissner SE, Le Maitre C, Kinfu Y, Kazen R, Pereira JH, 1993. Regeneration at the predilective damage sites of nerve trunks in treated leprosy. Lepr Rev 64 :330–337.
-
13
Turkof E, Tambwekar S, Mansukhani K, Millesi H, Mayr N, 1994. Intraoperative spinal root stimulation to detect most proximal site of leprous ulnar neuritis. Lancet 343 :1604–1605.
-
14
Chaco J, Magora A, Zauberman H, Landau Y, 1968. An electromyographic study of lagophthalmos in leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 36 :288–295.
-
15
Katz AD, Catalano P, 1987. The clinical significance of the various anastomotic branches of the facial nerve. Report of 100 patients. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 113 :959–962.
-
16
Rimpilainen I, Pyykko I, Blomstedt G, Kuurne T, Karma P, 1993. The site of impulse generation in transcranial magnetic stimulation of the facial nerve. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh)113 :339–344.
-
17
Benecke R, Meyer BU, Schonle P, Conrad B, 1988. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human brain: responses in muscles supplied by cranial nerves. Exp Brain Res 71 :623–632.
-
18
Antia NH, Enna CD, Daver MB, 1992. Prevalence, pathogenesis, and pathology. Mookerjee SK, ed. The Surgical Management of Deformities in Leprosy. Bombay: Oxford University Press, 24-25.
-
19
Karat AB, Job CK, Rao PSS, 1971. Liver in leprosy: histological and biochemical findings. BMJ 1 :307–310.
-
20
Drutz DJ, Chen TS, Lu WH, 1972. The continuous bacteremia of lepromatous leprosy. N Engl J Med 287 :159–164.
-
21
Scollard DM, McCormick G, Allen JL, 1999. Localization of Mycobacterium leprae to endothelial cells of epineurial and peri-neurial blood vessels and lymphatics. Am J Pathol 154 :1611–1620.
-
22
Richard B, Khatri B, Knolle E, Lucas S, Turkof E, 2001. Leprosy affects the tibial nerves diffusely from the middle of the thigh to the sole of the foot, including skip lesions. Plast Reconstr Surg 107 :1717–1724.
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23
Turkof E, Tambwekar S, Mansukhani K, Millesi H, Mayr N, 1995. Intraoperative electroneurodiagnostics to detect a second granuloma in the cubital area of median nerves affected by leprosy: a new approach to prevent incomplete surgery. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 63 :409–416.
-
24
Anonymous, 1999. Guidelines for Identifying Patients for Referral for Surgery. London: International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations.
-
25
Millesi H, 1992 Chirurgie der Peripheren Nerven. Wien, Austria: Verlag Urban & Schwarzenberg, 20–26
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 18 | 18 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 262 | 78 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 56 | 19 | 0 |
LEPROSY AFFECTS FACIAL NERVES IN A SCATTERED DISTRIBUTION FROM THE MAIN TRUNK TO ALL PERIPHERAL BRANCHES AND NEUROLYSIS IMPROVES MUSCLE FUNCTION OF THE FACE
EDVIN TURKOF
EDVIN TURKOF
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Anesthesia B, Department of Anesthesiology, and Clinical Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology of the University of Vienna, Division of Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Green Pasture Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal; Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Histopathology, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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BRUCE RICHARD
BRUCE RICHARD
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Anesthesia B, Department of Anesthesiology, and Clinical Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology of the University of Vienna, Division of Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Green Pasture Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal; Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Histopathology, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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OJAN ASSADIAN
OJAN ASSADIAN
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Anesthesia B, Department of Anesthesiology, and Clinical Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology of the University of Vienna, Division of Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Green Pasture Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal; Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Histopathology, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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BHARAT KHATRI
BHARAT KHATRI
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Anesthesia B, Department of Anesthesiology, and Clinical Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology of the University of Vienna, Division of Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Green Pasture Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal; Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Histopathology, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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ERICH KNOLLE
ERICH KNOLLE
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Anesthesia B, Department of Anesthesiology, and Clinical Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology of the University of Vienna, Division of Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Green Pasture Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal; Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Histopathology, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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SEBASTIAN LUCAS
SEBASTIAN LUCAS
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Anesthesia B, Department of Anesthesiology, and Clinical Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology of the University of Vienna, Division of Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Green Pasture Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal; Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Histopathology, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Current literature rejects nerve release in leprous facial neuropathy and states that lesions are restricted to the peripheral zygomatic branches. Since there are approximately 500,000 patients with this disease throughout the world, we wanted to clarify the precise location of facial nerve’s affection and the benefit of neurolysis. Our study showed that in patients with leprosy, the facial nerve’s main trunk, the peripheral zygomatic branches, and all other branches were affected. Follow-up showed improvement in lagophthalmos and in misreinnervation, with no improvement in the control cohort. Nerve release improves muscle function in leprous facial neuropathy, provided surgery is performed on all affected segments. Intraoperative electroneurodiagnostics is an effective tool for detecting the most proximal site of lesion and ensuring effective surgery.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
Turkof E, Tambwekar S, Kamal S, El-Dahrawi M, Mansukhani K, Soliman H, Ciovica R, Mayr N, 1998. Leprosy affects facial nerves at the main trunk: neurolysis can possibly avoid transfer procedures. Plast Reconstr Surg 102 :1565–1573.
-
2
Antia NH, Divekar SC, Dastur DK, 1966. The facial nerve in leprosy. I. Clinical and operative aspects. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 34 :103–117.
-
3
Job CK, Desikan KV, 1968. Pathologic changes and their distribution in peripheral nerves in lepromatous leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 36 :257–270.
-
4
Selby RC, 1974. Neurosurgical aspects of leprosy. Surg Neurol 2 :165–177.
-
5
Malaviya GN, Ramu G, 1981. Loss of taste and somatic sensations over the tongue in leprous facial palsy - a case report. Lepr India 53 :656–659.
-
6
Reichart PA, Srisuwan S, Metah D, 1982. Lesions of the facial and trigeminal nerve in leprosy. An evaluation of 43 cases. Int J Oral Surg 11 :14–20.
-
7
Hogeweg M, Kiran KU, Suneetha S, 1991. The significance of facial patches and type I reaction for the development of facial nerve damage in leprosy. A retrospective study among 1,226 paucibacillary leprosy patients. Lepr Rev 62 :143–149.
-
8
Lubbers WJ, Schipper A, Hogeweg M, de Soldenhoff R, 1994. Paralysis of facial muscles in leprosy patients with lagophthalmos. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 62 :220–224.
-
9
Ranney DA, Furness MA, Santhanakrishnan CK, 1973. Misreinnervation in leprous neuritis affecting the facial nerve. Lepr Rev 43 :151–158.
-
10
Anonymous, 1995. Leprosy. Report of a Meeting of Physicians and Scientists at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. Lancet 345: 697-703 11. Miko TL, Le Maitre C, Kinfu Y, 1993. Damage and regeneration of peripheral nerves in advanced treated leprosy. Lancet 342 :521–525.
-
12
Miko TL, Gschmeissner SE, Le Maitre C, Kinfu Y, Kazen R, Pereira JH, 1993. Regeneration at the predilective damage sites of nerve trunks in treated leprosy. Lepr Rev 64 :330–337.
-
13
Turkof E, Tambwekar S, Mansukhani K, Millesi H, Mayr N, 1994. Intraoperative spinal root stimulation to detect most proximal site of leprous ulnar neuritis. Lancet 343 :1604–1605.
-
14
Chaco J, Magora A, Zauberman H, Landau Y, 1968. An electromyographic study of lagophthalmos in leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 36 :288–295.
-
15
Katz AD, Catalano P, 1987. The clinical significance of the various anastomotic branches of the facial nerve. Report of 100 patients. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 113 :959–962.
-
16
Rimpilainen I, Pyykko I, Blomstedt G, Kuurne T, Karma P, 1993. The site of impulse generation in transcranial magnetic stimulation of the facial nerve. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh)113 :339–344.
-
17
Benecke R, Meyer BU, Schonle P, Conrad B, 1988. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human brain: responses in muscles supplied by cranial nerves. Exp Brain Res 71 :623–632.
-
18
Antia NH, Enna CD, Daver MB, 1992. Prevalence, pathogenesis, and pathology. Mookerjee SK, ed. The Surgical Management of Deformities in Leprosy. Bombay: Oxford University Press, 24-25.
-
19
Karat AB, Job CK, Rao PSS, 1971. Liver in leprosy: histological and biochemical findings. BMJ 1 :307–310.
-
20
Drutz DJ, Chen TS, Lu WH, 1972. The continuous bacteremia of lepromatous leprosy. N Engl J Med 287 :159–164.
-
21
Scollard DM, McCormick G, Allen JL, 1999. Localization of Mycobacterium leprae to endothelial cells of epineurial and peri-neurial blood vessels and lymphatics. Am J Pathol 154 :1611–1620.
-
22
Richard B, Khatri B, Knolle E, Lucas S, Turkof E, 2001. Leprosy affects the tibial nerves diffusely from the middle of the thigh to the sole of the foot, including skip lesions. Plast Reconstr Surg 107 :1717–1724.
-
23
Turkof E, Tambwekar S, Mansukhani K, Millesi H, Mayr N, 1995. Intraoperative electroneurodiagnostics to detect a second granuloma in the cubital area of median nerves affected by leprosy: a new approach to prevent incomplete surgery. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 63 :409–416.
-
24
Anonymous, 1999. Guidelines for Identifying Patients for Referral for Surgery. London: International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations.
-
25
Millesi H, 1992 Chirurgie der Peripheren Nerven. Wien, Austria: Verlag Urban & Schwarzenberg, 20–26
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 18 | 18 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 262 | 78 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 56 | 19 | 0 |