Transmission intensity and Plasmodium falciparum diversity on the northwestern border of Thailand.

R E Paul The Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, United Kingdom.

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I Hackford The Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, United Kingdom.

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A Brockman The Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, United Kingdom.

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C Muller-Graf The Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, United Kingdom.

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R Price The Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, United Kingdom.

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C Luxemburger The Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, United Kingdom.

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N J White The Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, United Kingdom.

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F Nosten The Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, United Kingdom.

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K P Day The Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, United Kingdom.

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Genetic analysis of the number of Plasmodium falciparum genotypes per infected person in regions of holoendemic and hyperendemic malaria suggest that in areas of lower transmission intensity, significantly fewer parasite genotypes per infected person should be found. A predominance of single clone infections in the human population could generate the controversial clonal population structure proposed for P. falciparum by Tibayrenc and others. Characterization of P. falciparum from individuals on the Thai-Burmese border, an area of hypoendemic transmission, revealed a higher number of genotypes per infected person than that predicted. Possible reasons for this observation are discussed, with particular attention paid to human migration and multidrug resistance.

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