Arteether: Risks of Two-Week Administration in Macaca mulatta

J. M. Petras Division of Neurosciences, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, Thailand

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D. E. Kyle Division of Neurosciences, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, Thailand

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M. Gettayacamin Division of Neurosciences, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, Thailand

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G. D. Young Division of Neurosciences, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, Thailand

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R. A. Bauman Division of Neurosciences, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, Thailand

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H. K. Webster Division of Neurosciences, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, Thailand

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K. D. Corcoran Division of Neurosciences, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, Thailand

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J. O. Peggins Division of Neurosciences, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, Thailand

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M. A. Vane Division of Neurosciences, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, Thailand

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T. G. Brewer Division of Neurosciences, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, Thailand

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DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1997.56.390
Volume/Issue:
Volume 56: Issue 4
Page(s):
390–396
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Male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were administered daily doses of the antimalarial drug arteether. The 14-day treated group received either 24 mg/kg/day, 16 mg/kg/day, or 8 mg/kg/day. The seven-day treatment group received either 24 mg/kg/day or 8 mg/kg/day. All control cases in each group received the sesame oil vehicle alone. Neurologic signs were absent for animals in the seven and 14-day treatment groups except for one monkey which showed diffuse piloerection on day 14, and another monkey receiving 24 mg/kg/day for seven days showed mild lethargy after the fourth day. Mild, sporadic anorexia was noted in all animals by day 14, and a single animal showed diffuse piloerection on day 14. Surgical anesthesia preceded killing by exsanguination and was accompanied by perfusion fixation of the central nervous system. Brain sections were cut and then stained for study by light microscopy. Evidence of neuronal pathology, both descriptive and numerical, was collected. The neuroanatomic and neuropathologic findings demonstrated that arteether produced extensive brainstem injury when administered for 14 days. The magnitude of brainstem neurotoxicity was dose-dependent, where injury was greatest at the 24 mg/kg/day dose level, less at the 16 mg/kg/day dose level, and least at the 8 mg/kg/day dose level. Arteether induced multiple systems injury to brainstem nuclei of 1) the reticular formation (cranial and caudal pontine nuclei, and medullary gigantocellular and paragigantocellular nuclei); 2) the vestibular system (medial, descending, superior, and lateral nuclei); and 3) the auditory system (superior olivary nuclear complex and trapezoid nuclear complex). The vestibular nuclei and the reticular formation were most severely injured, with the auditory system affected less. The cranial nerve nuclei (somatic and splanchnic) appeared to escape damage, with the exception of the abducens nerve nucleus. The same brainstem nuclear groups of seven-day treated monkeys appeared normal. The statistical data are concordant with the descriptive data in demonstrating neurotoxic effects. In summary, no neurologic deficits were detected in any of the vehicle control monkeys (14-day and seven-day cases). Monkeys in the 14-day treatment group were free of clinical neurologic signs throughout the first week. At day 14, fine horizontal nystagmus was seen in one monkey, and another monkey exhibited diffuse piloerection. Monkeys in the seven-day treatment group were free of clinical neurologic signs except for one case. This monkey was treated with 24/mg/kg/day of arteether and exhibited lethargy after the fourth day. These indications of dysfunction arose too late to be practical indicators of neurotoxicity.

Author Notes

Copyright:
Copyright © 1997 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1997
Published Online:
Apr 1997
Cover The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Print ISSN:
0002-9637
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