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A Rapid in Vitro Test for Chloroquine-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum
Ilya Y. Gluzman
Ilya Y. Gluzman
Washington University, University of Port Harcourt, National Institutes of Health, St. Louis, Missouri, Nigeria
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Donald J. Krogstad
Donald J. Krogstad
Washington University, University of Port Harcourt, National Institutes of Health, St. Louis, Missouri, Nigeria
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Augustine U. Orjih
Augustine U. Orjih
Washington University, University of Port Harcourt, National Institutes of Health, St. Louis, Missouri, Nigeria
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Kano Nkangineme
Kano Nkangineme
Washington University, University of Port Harcourt, National Institutes of Health, St. Louis, Missouri, Nigeria
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Thomas E. Wellems
Thomas E. Wellems
Washington University, University of Port Harcourt, National Institutes of Health, St. Louis, Missouri, Nigeria
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J. Tyler Martin
J. Tyler Martin
Washington University, University of Port Harcourt, National Institutes of Health, St. Louis, Missouri, Nigeria
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Paul H. Schlesinger
Paul H. Schlesinger
Washington University, University of Port Harcourt, National Institutes of Health, St. Louis, Missouri, Nigeria
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We report a rapid (2–3 hr) in vitro test for chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. The test is based on the inhibition of chloroquine efflux by verapamil; it is performed by diluting infected blood in culture medium and incubating the diluted blood for 60 min at 37°C with 50 nM 3H-chloroquine, with and without 10 µM verapamil. The test can be performed with the ring stage parasites in the blood of infected patients and in the presence of white cells, platelets and anticoagulants (heparin, EDTA, or citrate). Although the test can be performed in triplicate with 20 µl of blood and specimens may be kept in anticoagulants at 4°C for up to 24 hr, parasitemias <0.1% limit the sensitivity of the assay. Inhibition of chloroquine efflux by verapamil may permit the rapid identification of chloroquine resistant P. falciparum in blood specimens from infected patients.
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