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Ultrastructural Study of the Effects of Chloroquine and Verapamil on Plasmodium Falciparum
Verapamil, a calcium antagonist, has recently been shown to reverse chloroquine resistance in malarial parasites in vitro. We report the first ultrastructural morphological changes associated with this phenomenon using chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant clones of Plasmodium falciparum. While the administration of 6.3 × 10-8 M chloroquine had little morphological effect on the chloroquine-resistant strain, the combination of chloroquine and verapamil resulted in typical chloroquine-related food vacuolar swelling with increased amounts of granular matrix. Secondary morphological changes included degeneration of nuclei, mitochondria, and other organelles. These effects appeared similar to those in the chloroquine-sensitive strain of P. falciparum treated with chloroquine alone or with the chloroquine/verapamil combination. Furthermore mild food vacuolar changes were seen in a small number of parasites (from both chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant groups) exposed to high concentrations (1 × 10-4 M) of verapamil alone.