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1.
Miles M. A. 1983. The epidemiology of South American trypanosomiasis-Biochemical and immunological approaches and their relevance to control. Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg., 77 :5–23.
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2.
Tibayrenc M., Ward P., Moya A. & Ayala F. J. 1986. Natural populations of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease, have a complex multiclonal structure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83 :115–119.
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3.
Luquetti A. O., Miles M. A., Rassi J. A., de Rezende J. M., de Souza A. A., Povoa M. M. & Rodriguez J. 1986. Trypanosoma cruzi: Zymodeme association with acute and chronic Chagas' disease in Central Brazil. Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg., 80 :462–470.
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4.
Povoa M. M., de Souza A. A., Naiff R. D., Arias J. R., Naiff M. F., Biancardi C. B. & Miles M. A. 1984. Chagas' disease in the Amazon Basin. IV. Host records of Trypanosoma cruzi zymodemes in the states of Amazonas and Rondonia, Brazil. Ann. Trap. Med. Parasitol., 78 :479–487.
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5.
Miles M. A., Apt B. W., Widmer G., Povoa M. M. & Schofield C. J. 1984. Isozyme heterogeneity and numerical taxonomy of Trypanosoma cruzi stocks from Chile. Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg., 78 :526–535.
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6.
Tibayrenc M. & Miles M. A. 1983. A genetic comparison between Brazilian and Bolivian zymodemes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg., 77 :76–83.
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7.
Schofield C. J., Apt W. & Miles M. A. 1982. The ecology of Chagas' disease in Chile. Ecol. Dis., 1 :117–129.
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8.
Sagua H., Gonzalez J., Araya J. & Fuentes A. 1982. Estudio de la trypanosomiasis americana (enfermedad de Chagas) en pueblos del altiplano de Antofagasta, Chile. Segundo Simposio Internacional de Parasitologia, Santiago, April 20–23.
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9.
Arribada C. A., Apt B. W., Ugarte J. M., Arribada M. A. & Sandoval J. M. 1981. Chagasic cardiopathy in Chile: Epidemiologic study. Rev. Med. Chil., 109 :1199–1207.
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10.
Arribada A., Apt W. & Ugarte J. M. 1986. A four-year follow up survey of Chagasic cardiopathy in Chile. PAHO Bull., 20 :245–265.
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11.
Lanham S. M., Grendon J. M., Miles M. A., Povoa M. M. & de Souza A. A. 1981. A comparison of electrophoretic methods for isozyme characterization of trypanosomatids. I. Standard stocks of Trypanosoma cruzi zymodemes from northeast Brazil. Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg., 75 :742–750.
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12.
Miles M. A., Toye P. J., Oswald S. J. & Godfrey D. J. 1977. The identification of isoenzyme patterns of two distinct strain-groups of Trypanosoma cruzi, circulating independently in a rural area of Brazil. Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg., 71 :217–225.
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13.
Silveira F. T., Viana Dias M. G., Pardal P. P., Lobao A. O. & Melo G. B. 1979. Nono caso-autoctone de doença de Chagas registrado no estado de Para, Brasil (Nota previa). Hileia Medica (Belem), 1 :61–62.
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14.
Miles M. A. 1985. Isozyme characterization. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trap., 18 (Suppl.): 53–59.
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16.
Breniere S. F., Llanos B., Tibayrenc M. & Desjeux P. 1985. Isoenzymic studies and epidemiological data of Trypanosoma cruzi from Arequipa (Peru), Pacific side. Ann. Soc. Beige Med. Trap., 65 (Suppl. 1): 63–66.
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17.
Breniere S. F., Tibayrenc M., Antezana G., Pabon J., Carrasco R., Selaes H. & Desjeux P. 1985. Resultats preliminaires en faveur d'une relation faible ou inexistante entre les formes cliniques de la maladie de Chagas et les souches isoenzymatiques de Trypanosoma cruzi. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 300, Serie III, 15 :555–557.
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18.
Engel J. C., Dvorak J. A., Segura E. L. & Crane M. S. 1982. Trypanosoma cruzi: Biological characterization of 19 clones derived from two chronic Chagasic patients. I. Growth kinetics in liquid medium. J. Protozool., 29 :555–560.
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19.
Tibayrenc M., Echalar L., Dujardin J. P., Poch O. & Desjeux P. 1984. The microdistribution of Trypanosoma cruzi in southern Bolivia; new isozyme profiles and further arguments against Mendelian sexuality. Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg., 78 :519–525.
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Epidemiology of Chagas' Disease in Northern Chile: Isozyme Profiles of Trypanosoma Cruzi from Domestic and Sylvatic Transmission Cycles and their Association with Cardiopathy
Trypanosoma cruzi was isolated from 98 patients, 59 Triatoma infestans, 51 Triatoma spinolai, and 1 Octodon degus from northern Chile. With few exceptions, stocks originating from domestic hosts were classified, based on their isozyme profile, as principal zymodeme (Z)2, while sylvatic stocks from T. spinolai and the rodent O. degus showed Z1 profiles. These results indicate the existence of separate domestic and sylvatic transmission cycles.
Clinical data and T. cruzi isozyme profiles from 107 chronic Chagas' disease patients showed no association between infecting T. cruzi zymodeme and the prevalence of chagasic cardiopathy. However, the age distributions of two groups of patients carrying different zymodemes were significantly different.