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Dengue in Puerto Rico, 1977: Public Health Response to Characterize and Control an Epidemic of Multiple Serotypes
David M. Morens
David M. Morens
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the Puerto Rico Department of Health
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Jose G. Rigau-Pérez
Jose G. Rigau-Pérez
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the Puerto Rico Department of Health
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Raul H. López-Correa
Raul H. López-Correa
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the Puerto Rico Department of Health
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Chester G. Moore
Chester G. Moore
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the Puerto Rico Department of Health
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Ernesto E. Ruiz-Tibén
Ernesto E. Ruiz-Tibén
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the Puerto Rico Department of Health
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Gladys E. Sather
Gladys E. Sather
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the Puerto Rico Department of Health
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Jorge Chiriboga
Jorge Chiriboga
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the Puerto Rico Department of Health
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Donald A. Eliason
Donald A. Eliason
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the Puerto Rico Department of Health
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Alfredo Casta-Velez
Alfredo Casta-Velez
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the Puerto Rico Department of Health
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John P. Woodall
John P. Woodall
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the Puerto Rico Department of Health
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the Dengue Outbreak Investigation Group**
the Dengue Outbreak Investigation Group**
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the Puerto Rico Department of Health
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The largest and most extensive documented dengue epidemic in Puerto Rico struck an estimated 355,000 Puerto Rican residents from July–December 1977. The mixed epidemic of dengue types 2 and 3 coincided with a Caribbean pandemic of dengue type 1, first introduced into the western hemisphere in early 1977 and into Puerto Rico in the fall of that year. Health officials assembled a team to assess the epidemic and mounted a campaign to end it. Attempts to monitor the incidence and spread of dengue were confounded by simultaneous co-circulation of influenza virus, underscoring problems in formulating public health strategies dependent on nonspecific clinical and epidemiologic case criteria, and the need for rapid and reliable diagnostic capabilities. Despite co-circulation of multiple dengue serotypes, a risk factor associated with severe and fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in Southeast Asia, hospital and death certificate surveillance disclosed no cases of DHF in Puerto Rico. The epidemic serves as a reminder that when preventive measures are impossible or infeasible, developed countries with high living standards may be susceptible to large scale epidemics of infectious diseases.
Author Notes
Members of the Dengue Outbreak Investigation Group include: Francisco Arandia, Elisabeth A. Bailey, Fabio Banegura, Luis A. Berriós-Durán, Alfredo Bravo, Samuel G. Breeland, Merlin L. Brubaker, Stella Carballeira, Leon Carter, Nelson A. Colón, Robert B. Craven, Debbie Dilworth, Helen M. Engelman, Ann O. Esaias, Arthur D. Flynn, James F. Fowler, Roberto González, Philip L. Graitcer, Scott B. Halstead, Antonio Hernández-Torres, Jesse Hobbs, Karen Hoy, Geofrrey Jeffery, Robert L. Kaiser, Alan P. Kendal, Wilda B. Knight, Katherine Ko, Goro Kuno, Mark D. La Pointe, Scholastica Larkins, Linda K. Larsen, Anne Marshall, Herman Monefeldt, David J. Muth, Henry Negrón, Gary R. Noble, R. Gibson Parrish, Marjorie P. Pollack, Americo Pomales, Minta Rivera, Roslyn Q. Robinson, Luis Rivera-Baez, Harry A. Romney-Joseph, Eslee Samberg, Cathryn L. Samples, Gordon C. Smith, Maria L. Santos, Robert T. Taylor, Ruth Ann Tucker, Sergio Velez-Feliciano, Edgardo Vergne, Stephen D. Von Allmen, and Maria V. Zayas.
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