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Epidemiological and Molecular Surveillance of Leishmania Species among Humans, Vectors, and Dogs in a Wildland-Urban Interface of Cartagena, Colombia
Mashiel Fernández-Ruiz
Mashiel Fernández-Ruiz
UNIMOL Research Group, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia;
PhD program in Tropical Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia;
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PhD program in Tropical Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia;
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Eder Cano-Pérez
Eder Cano-Pérez
UNIMOL Research Group, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia;
PhD program in Tropical Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia;
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PhD program in Tropical Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia;
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Jaison Torres-Pacheco
Jaison Torres-Pacheco
UNIMOL Research Group, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia;
PhD program in Tropical Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia;
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PhD program in Tropical Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia;
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Wilson Ortega-Hernández
Wilson Ortega-Hernández
Departamento Administrativo Distrital de Salud (DADIS), Programa de Salud Ambiental, Cartagena, Colombia;
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Maxy B. De Los Santos
Maxy B. De Los Santos
Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit South (NAMRU-SOUTH), Lima, Peru
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Hugo O. Valdivia
Hugo O. Valdivia
Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit South (NAMRU-SOUTH), Lima, Peru
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Doris Gómez-Camargo
dmtropical@unicartagena.edu.co
Doris Gómez-Camargo
UNIMOL Research Group, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia;
PhD program in Tropical Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia;
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PhD program in Tropical Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia;
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ABSTRACT.
In Colombia, human leishmaniasis is endemic in rural areas, with increasing reports of outbreaks and cases in urban areas. Cartagena, an urban city in the Colombian Caribbean with a wildland-urban interface, faced its first local cases between 2011 and 2015. Despite reports, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remains neglected and understudied and almost devoid of active surveillance. Here we report the epidemiological and molecular surveillance of Leishmania species in humans, domestic dogs, and sandflies at the wildland interface in two poverty-stricken neighborhoods of Cartagena. In October 2021, we conducted a surveillance study in the El Toril and La Quinta neighborhoods. Blood samples were collected from 150 healthy humans and 77 domestic dogs for Leishmania species testing by using molecular tools. Five human samples (3.3%) tested positive for Leishmania, one case in El Toril and four cases in La Quinta. The Leishmania donovani complex was detected in three human samples, and all dog samples tested negative for Leishmania. CDC light traps placed for three consecutive days in peridomiciliary areas of the Leishmania-positive case in El Toril allowed the capture of seven females of Lutzomyia dubitans, but none tested positive for Leishmania. Multiple attempts to conduct entomological surveillance in La Quinta were unsuccessful because of non-study-related issues. Our findings contribute to the characterization of the epidemiology of VL in Cartagena, revealing possible neglected cryptic infections in two neighborhoods with an urban-wildland interface.
Author Notes
Financial support: The research was funded by the
Disclosures: Some authors of this article are employees of the U.S. Government. This work was prepared as part of their official duties. Title 17 U.S.C. §105 provides that “Copyright protection under this Title is not available for any work of the United States Government”. Title 17 U.S.C. §101 defines a U.S. Government work as a work prepared by a military service member or employee of the U.S. Government as part of that person’s official duties. The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, nor the U.S. Government. The project and its procedures were reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of the University of Cartagena under protocol number 162.29523.4.7. The project was also reviewed and approved by the health authorities of Cartagena and by the Research Administration Program of the U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit South (NAMRU SOUTH) under protocol NHS.2018.0002.
Current contact information: Mashiel Fernández-Ruiz, Eder Cano-Pérez, Jaison Torres-Pacheco, and Doris Gómez-Camargo, Grupo de Investigación UNIMOL & Doctorado en Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia, E-mails: mfernandezr1@unicartagena.edu.co, ecanop@unicartagena.edu.co, jtorresp@unicartagena.edu.co, and dmtropical@unicartagena.edu.co. Wilson Ortega-Hernández, Programa de Salud Ambiental, Departamento Administrativo Distrital de Salud (DADIS), Cartagena, Colombia, E-mail: wiortegah@cartagena.gov.co. Maxy B. De Los Santos and Hugo O. Valdivia, Department of Parasitology, United States Naval Medical Research Unit SOUTH, Lima, Perú, E-mails: maxy.b.delossantos2.ln@health.mil and hugo.o.valdivia.ln@health.mil.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Roque ALR, Jansen AM, 2014. Wild and synanthropic reservoirs of Leishmania species in the Americas. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 3: 251–262.
-
2.
Torres-Guerrero E, Quintanilla-Cedillo MR, Ruiz-Esmenjaud J, Arenas R, 2017. Leishmaniasis: A review. F1000Res 6: 750.
-
3.
Desjeux P, 2001. The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95: 239–243.
-
4.
Moreno M, Ferro C, Rosales-Chilama M, Rubiano L, Delgado M, Cossio A, Gómez MA, Ocampo C, Saravia NG, 2015. First report of Warileya rotundipennis (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) naturally infected with Leishmania (Viannia) in a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia. Acta Trop 148: 191–196.
-
5.
Chagas ECDS, Silva AS, Fé NF, Ferreira LS, Sampaio VS, Terrazas WCM, Guerra JAO, Souza RAF, Silveira H, Guerra MDGVB, 2018. Composition of sand fly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) and detection of Leishmania DNA (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in different ecotopes from a rural settlement in the central Amazon, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 11: 180.
-
6.
Barrios SPG et al., 2019. Synanthropy and diversity of Phlebotominae in an area of intense transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in the South Pantanal floodplain, Midwest Brazil. PLoS One 14: e0215741.
-
7.
Valero NNH, Uriarte M, 2020. Environmental and socioeconomic risk factors associated with visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis: A systematic review. Parasitol Res 119: 365–384.
-
8.
Thompson RCA, 2013. Parasite zoonoses and wildlife: One Health, spillover and human activity. Int J Parasitol 43: 1079–1088.
-
9.
Guimarães-E-Silva AS, Silva SO, Ribeiro da Silva RC, Pinheiro VCS, Rebêlo JMM, Melo MN, 2017. Leishmania infection and blood food sources of phlebotomines in an area of Brazil endemic for visceral and tegumentary leishmaniasis. PLoS One 12: e0179052.
-
10.
Ferreira Ede C, Cruz I, Cañavate C, de Melo LA, Pereira AAS, Madeira FAM, Valério SAN, Cunha HM, Paglia AP, Gontijo CMF, 2015. Mixed infection of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis in rodents from endemic urban area of the New World. BMC Vet Res 11: 71.
-
11.
Rezaei Z, Pourabbas B, Asaei S, Sepehrpour S, Ahmadnia Motlagh S, Pourabbas P, Abdolahi Khasibi S, Alborzi A, 2022. Livestock infected with Leishmania spp. in southern Iran. Parasit Vectors 15: 215.
-
12.
Han S, Chen S-B, Yang Z-H, Feng Y, Wu W-P, 2021. Epidemiology of Leishmania carriers in Tan Chang County, Gansu Province, China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 11: 645944.
-
13.
World Health Organization, 2023. Leishmaniasis. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis. Accessed August 4, 2024.
-
14.
Wamai RG, Kahn J, McGloin J, Ziaggi G, 2020. Visceral leishmaniasis: A global overview. J Glob Heal Sci 2: e3.
-
15.
Salgado-Almario J, Hernández CA, Ovalle CE, 2019. Geographical distribution of Leishmania species in Colombia, 1985–2017. Biomedica 39: 278–290.
-
16.
Ovalle-Bracho C, Londoño-Barbosa D, Salgado-Almario J, González C, 2019. Evaluating the spatial distribution of Leishmania parasites in Colombia from clinical samples and human isolates (1999–2016). PLoS One 14: e0214124.
-
17.
Hernández AM, Gutierrez JD, Xiao Y, Branscum AJ, Cuadros DF, 2019. Spatial epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia: Socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with a growing epidemic. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 113: 560–568.
-
18.
Castillo-Castañeda A, Herrera G, Ayala MS, Fuya P, Ramírez JD, 2021. Spatial and temporal variability of visceral leishmaniasis in Colombia, 2007–2018. Am J Trop Med Hyg 105: 144–155.
-
19.
Ministerio de Salud de Colombia, 2023. Dirección de Promoción y Prevención, Subdirección Enfermedades Transmisibles. Plan Estratégico Leishmaniasis 2018–2022. Available at: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/PP/ET/plan-estrategico-leishmaniasis-2018-2022.pdf. Accessed August 4, 2024.
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20.
Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia Boletín Epidemiológico Semanal. Available at: https://www.ins.gov.co/buscador-eventos/Paginas/Vista-Boletin-Epidemilogico.aspx. Accessed April 10, 2023.
-
21.
Berry I, Berrang-Ford L, 2016. Leishmaniasis, conflict, and political terror: A spatio-temporal analysis. Soc Sci Med 167: 140–149.
-
22.
Desai AN, Ramatowski JW, Marano N, Madoff LC, Lassmann B, 2020. Infectious disease outbreaks among forcibly displaced persons: An analysis of ProMED reports 1996–2016. Confl Health 14: 49.
-
23.
Pinzón-Redondo H, Orta-López C, Pérez-Yapes C, Juliao-Cardona L, Agamez-De Ávila I, Matorel-Bello E, Miranda-Moncada Y & Torres-Figueroa C. Visceral and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Urban Area of Cartagena: A Case Report. Available at: https://revistas.unicartagena.edu.co/index.php/cbiomedicas/article/view/3179/2706. Accessed April 10, 2023.
-
24.
Zambrano-Hernández CP, Ayala-Sotelo MS, Fuya-Oviedo OP, Barraza OC, Rodríguez-Toro G, 2016. Cartagena: Nuevo foco de leishmaniasis visceral urbana en Colombia. Cienc en Desarro 7: 83–91.
-
25.
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