Authors:
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-
1.
Thanchomnang T, Intapan PM, Sanpool O, Rodpai R, Tourtip S, Yahom S, Kullawat J, Radomyos P, Thammasiri C, Maleewong W, 2017. First molecular identification and genetic diversity of Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides fuelleborni in human communities having contact with long-tailed macaques in Thailand. Parasitol Res 116: 1917–1923.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2023. Strongyloidiasis. Available at: https://www.who.int/teams/control-of-neglected-tropical-diseases/soil-transmitted-helminthiases/strongyloidiasis. Accessed November 25, 2023.
-
3.
Buonfrate D, Bradbury RS, Watts MR, Bisoffi Z, 2023. Human strongyloidiasis: Complexities and pathways forward. Clin Microbiol Rev 8: e0003323.
-
4.
Krolewiecki A, Nutman TB, 2019. Strongyloidiasis: A neglected tropical disease. Infect Dis Clin North Am 33: 135–151.
-
5.
Arifin N, Hanafiah KM, Ahmad H, Noordin R, 2019. Serodiagnosis and early detection of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 52: 371–378.
-
6.
Ravi V, Ramachandran S, Thompson RW, Andersen JF, Neva FA, 2002. Characterization of a recombinant immunodiagnostic antigen (NIE) from Strongyloides stercoralis L3-stage larvae. Mol Biochem Parasitol 125: 73–81.
-
7.
Tamarozzi F, Longoni SS, Mazzi C, Pettene S, Montresor A, Mahanty S, Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D, 2021. Diagnostic accuracy of a novel enzyme-linked immunoassay for the detection of IgG and IgG4 against Strongyloides stercoralis based on the recombinant antigens NIE/SsIR. Parasit Vectors 14: 412.
-
8.
De Souza JN, Langford I, Wang Y, Soares NM, Handali S, 2021. Development of rSs-NIE-1 and rSs-IR recombinant antigen-based immunoblot for detection of antibody to Strongyloides stercoralis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 104: 2038–2041.
-
9.
Boscolo M et al., 2007. Evaluation of an indirect immunofluorescence assay for strongyloidiasis as a tool for diagnosis and follow-up. Clin Vaccine Immunol 14: 129–133.
-
10.
Ramanathan R, Burbelo PD, Groot S, Iadarola MJ, Neva FA, Nutman TB, 2008. A luciferase immunoprecipitation systems assay enhances the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. J Infect Dis 198: 444–451.
-
11.
Sadaow L, Sanpool O, Rodpai R, Boonroumkaew P, Maleewong W, Intapan PM, 2020. Development of immunochromatographic device as a point-of-care tool for serodiagnosis of human strongyloidiasis cases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 39: 465–470.
-
12.
Noordin R, Osman E, Kalantari N, Anuar NS, Gorgani-Firouzjaee T, Sithithaworn P, Juri NM, Rahumatullah A, 2022. A point-of-care cassette test for detection of Strongyloides stercoralis. Acta Trop 226: 106251.
-
13.
Wongphutorn P et al., 2024. Examination of diagnostic performance of new IgG4 rapid test compared with IgG- and IgG4-ELISAs to investigate epidemiology of strongyloidiasis in northeast Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 110: 254–262.
-
14.
Boonroumkaew P, Sadaow L, Sanpool O, Rodpai R, Thanchomnang T, Phupiewkham W, Intapan PM, Maleewong W, 2020. Effectiveness of Strongyloides recombinant IgG immunoreactive antigen in detecting IgG and IgG4 subclass antibodies for diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis using rapid immunochromatographic tests. Diagnostics (Basel) 10: 615.
-
15.
Boonroumkaew P, Sadaow L, Janwan P, Rodpai R, Sanpool O, Buadee P, Suprom C, Thanchomnang T, Intapan PM, Maleewong W, 2023. Improved diagnostic sensitivity of human strongyloidiasis using point-of-care mixed recombinant antigen-based immunochromatography. Parasite 30: 60.
-
16.
Cohen JF et al., 2016. STARD2015 guidelines for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies: Explanation and elaboration. BMJ Open 6: e012799.
-
17.
Elkins DB, Haswell-Elkins M, Anderson RM, 1986. The epidemiology and control of intestinal helminths in the Pulicat Lake region of Southern India. I. Study design and pre- and post-treatment observations on Ascaris lumbricoides infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80: 774–792.
-
18.
Koga K, Kasuya S, Khamboonruang C, Sukhavat K, Ieda M, Takatsuka N, Kita K, Ohtomo H, 1991. A modified agar plate method for detection of Strongyloides stercoralis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45: 518–521.
-
19.
Maleewong W, Wongkham C, Intapan PM, Pipitgool V, 1999. Fasciola gigantica–specific antigens: Purification by a continuous-elution method and its evaluation for the diagnosis of human fascioliasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 648–651.
-
20.
Wongkham C, Maleewong W, Intapan P, Morakote N, Chaicumpa W, 1994. Partially purified antigens of Paragonimus heterotremus for serodiagnosis of human paragonimiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 25: 176–180.
-
21.
Intapan PM, Khotsri P, Kanpittaya J, Chotmongkol V, Maleewong W, Morakote N, 2008. Evaluation of IgG4 and total IgG antibodies against cysticerci and peptide antigens for the diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis by ELISA. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 26: 237–244.
-
22.
Boonyasiri A, Cheunsuchon P, Suputtamongkol Y, Yamasaki H, Sanpool O, Maleewong W, Intapan PM, 2014. Nine human sparganosis cases in Thailand with molecular identification of causative parasite species. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 389–393.
-
23.
Morakote N, Sukhavat K, Khamboonruang C, Siriprasert V, Suphawitayanukul S, Thamasonthi W, 1992. Persistence of IgG, IgM, and IgE antibodies in human trichinosis. Trop Med Parasitol 43: 167–169.
-
24.
Somboonpatarakun C, Intapan PM, Sadaow L, Rodpai R, Sanpool O, Maleewong W, 2020. Development of an immunochromatographic device to detect antibodies for rapid diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis. Parasitology 147: 194–198.
-
25.
Janwan P et al., 2016. Development and usefulness of an immunochromatographic device to detect antibodies for rapid diagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Parasit Vectors 9: 14.
-
26.
Janwan P, Intapan PM, Sadaow L, Rodpai R, Yamasaki H, Boonroumkaew P, Sanpool O, Thanchomnang T, Sadee P, Maleewong W, 2021. Development of immunochromatographic test kit for rapid detection of specific IgG4 antibody in whole-blood samples for diagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Diagnostics (Basel) 11: 862.
-
27.
Galen RS, 1980. Predictive value and efficiency of laboratory testing. Pediatr Clin North Am 27: 861–869.
-
28.
Boehringer HR, O’Farrell BJ, 2021. Lateral flow assays in infectious disease diagnosis. Clin Chem 68: 52–58.
-
29.
Uchikawa R, Ichiki H, Komaki E, 1991. Antibody responses and protective immunity in rats receiving repeated inoculations of Strongyloides ratti. J Parasitol 77: 737–741.
-
30.
Seet RC, Lau LG, Tambyah PA, 2005. Strongyloides hyperinfection and hypogammaglobulinemia. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12: 680–682.
-
31.
Intapan PM, Maleewong W, Wongsaroj T, Singthong S, Morakote N, 2005. Comparison of the quantitative formalin ethyl acetate concentration technique and agar plate culture for diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis. J Clin Microbiol 43: 1932–1933.
-
32.
Prato M, Tamarozzi F, Tais S, Rizzi E, Mazzi C, Buonfrate D, 2024. Evaluation of the SsIR/NIE recombinant antigen ELISA for the follow up of patients infected by Strongyloides stercoralis: A diagnostic study. Parasitology 151: 295–299.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 486 | 486 | 248 |
| Full Text Views | 35 | 35 | 15 |
| PDF Downloads | 48 | 48 | 17 |
Evaluation of an Innovative Rapid Diagnostic Test for Human Strongyloidiasis to Detect Specific IgG Antibody in Whole-Blood Samples
Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew
Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
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Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
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Penchom Janwan
Penchom Janwan
Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand;
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Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand;
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Lakkhana Sadaow
Lakkhana Sadaow
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
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Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
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Rutchanee Rodpai
Rutchanee Rodpai
Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Nakhonratchasima College, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand;
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Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Nakhonratchasima College, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand;
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Oranuch Sanpool
Oranuch Sanpool
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
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Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
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Tongjit Thanchomnang
Tongjit Thanchomnang
Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
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Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
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Pewpan M. Intapan
Pewpan M. Intapan
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
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Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
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Wanchai Maleewong
wanch_ma@kku.ac.th
Wanchai Maleewong
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
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Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
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ABSTRACT.
Human strongyloidiasis is an important intestinal parasitic disease that affects public health globally and is transmitted through contact with infective larvae on contaminated soil. Immunocompromised hosts can experience hyperinfection, which can lead to fatal systemic strongyloidiasis. Here, an innovative point-of-care (POC) test kit, the strongyloidiasis immunochromatographic blood test (the NIE-SsIR whole-blood ICT) kit is described. The kit was used to detect anti-Strongyloides IgG antibody in whole-blood samples (WBSs) instead of serum to diagnose strongyloidiasis. The kit is based on a mixture of two recombinant Strongyloides stercoralis protein antigens (NIE and SsIR) and colloidal-gold-labeled conjugates of anti-human IgG antibody to evaluate diagnostic values with simulated and fresh anticoagulated WBSs. The NIE-SsIR whole-blood ICT kit showed potentially high diagnostic values with simulated WBSs, obtained by spiking patients’ sera with red blood cells. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 93.0%, 93.7%, 88.6%, and 96.2%, respectively, at the prevalence of disease simulated under the laboratory conditions of 34.5%. In addition, 18 of 20 fresh anticoagulated WBSs from strongyloidiasis cases were positive, and all 15 WBSs from healthy volunteers were negative. The NIE-SsIR whole-blood ICT kit is a simple and convenient POC testing tool and can possibly be used with fingerstick blood samples, thereby not requiring the drawing of venous blood and separation of the serum. The NIE-SsIR whole-blood ICT kit can assist clinical diagnosis in remote areas and field settings without sophisticated equipment.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 22.004 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: This project was funded by grants from the
Current contact information: Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew, Lakkhana Sadaow, Oranuch Sanpool, Pewpan M. Intapan, and Wanchai Maleewong, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, E-mails: hamooploy@gmail.com, sadaow1986@gmail.com, oransa@kku.ac.th, pewpan@kku.ac.th, and wanch_ma@kku.ac.th. Penchom Janwan, Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, E-mail: pair.wu@gmail.com. Rutchanee Rodpai Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Nakhonratchasima College, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, E-mail: rutchanee5020@gmail.com. Tongjit Thanchomnang Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand, E-mail: tthanchomnang@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Thanchomnang T, Intapan PM, Sanpool O, Rodpai R, Tourtip S, Yahom S, Kullawat J, Radomyos P, Thammasiri C, Maleewong W, 2017. First molecular identification and genetic diversity of Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides fuelleborni in human communities having contact with long-tailed macaques in Thailand. Parasitol Res 116: 1917–1923.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2023. Strongyloidiasis. Available at: https://www.who.int/teams/control-of-neglected-tropical-diseases/soil-transmitted-helminthiases/strongyloidiasis. Accessed November 25, 2023.
-
3.
Buonfrate D, Bradbury RS, Watts MR, Bisoffi Z, 2023. Human strongyloidiasis: Complexities and pathways forward. Clin Microbiol Rev 8: e0003323.
-
4.
Krolewiecki A, Nutman TB, 2019. Strongyloidiasis: A neglected tropical disease. Infect Dis Clin North Am 33: 135–151.
-
5.
Arifin N, Hanafiah KM, Ahmad H, Noordin R, 2019. Serodiagnosis and early detection of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 52: 371–378.
-
6.
Ravi V, Ramachandran S, Thompson RW, Andersen JF, Neva FA, 2002. Characterization of a recombinant immunodiagnostic antigen (NIE) from Strongyloides stercoralis L3-stage larvae. Mol Biochem Parasitol 125: 73–81.
-
7.
Tamarozzi F, Longoni SS, Mazzi C, Pettene S, Montresor A, Mahanty S, Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D, 2021. Diagnostic accuracy of a novel enzyme-linked immunoassay for the detection of IgG and IgG4 against Strongyloides stercoralis based on the recombinant antigens NIE/SsIR. Parasit Vectors 14: 412.
-
8.
De Souza JN, Langford I, Wang Y, Soares NM, Handali S, 2021. Development of rSs-NIE-1 and rSs-IR recombinant antigen-based immunoblot for detection of antibody to Strongyloides stercoralis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 104: 2038–2041.
-
9.
Boscolo M et al., 2007. Evaluation of an indirect immunofluorescence assay for strongyloidiasis as a tool for diagnosis and follow-up. Clin Vaccine Immunol 14: 129–133.
-
10.
Ramanathan R, Burbelo PD, Groot S, Iadarola MJ, Neva FA, Nutman TB, 2008. A luciferase immunoprecipitation systems assay enhances the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. J Infect Dis 198: 444–451.
-
11.
Sadaow L, Sanpool O, Rodpai R, Boonroumkaew P, Maleewong W, Intapan PM, 2020. Development of immunochromatographic device as a point-of-care tool for serodiagnosis of human strongyloidiasis cases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 39: 465–470.
-
12.
Noordin R, Osman E, Kalantari N, Anuar NS, Gorgani-Firouzjaee T, Sithithaworn P, Juri NM, Rahumatullah A, 2022. A point-of-care cassette test for detection of Strongyloides stercoralis. Acta Trop 226: 106251.
-
13.
Wongphutorn P et al., 2024. Examination of diagnostic performance of new IgG4 rapid test compared with IgG- and IgG4-ELISAs to investigate epidemiology of strongyloidiasis in northeast Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 110: 254–262.
-
14.
Boonroumkaew P, Sadaow L, Sanpool O, Rodpai R, Thanchomnang T, Phupiewkham W, Intapan PM, Maleewong W, 2020. Effectiveness of Strongyloides recombinant IgG immunoreactive antigen in detecting IgG and IgG4 subclass antibodies for diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis using rapid immunochromatographic tests. Diagnostics (Basel) 10: 615.
-
15.
Boonroumkaew P, Sadaow L, Janwan P, Rodpai R, Sanpool O, Buadee P, Suprom C, Thanchomnang T, Intapan PM, Maleewong W, 2023. Improved diagnostic sensitivity of human strongyloidiasis using point-of-care mixed recombinant antigen-based immunochromatography. Parasite 30: 60.
-
16.
Cohen JF et al., 2016. STARD2015 guidelines for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies: Explanation and elaboration. BMJ Open 6: e012799.
-
17.
Elkins DB, Haswell-Elkins M, Anderson RM, 1986. The epidemiology and control of intestinal helminths in the Pulicat Lake region of Southern India. I. Study design and pre- and post-treatment observations on Ascaris lumbricoides infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80: 774–792.
-
18.
Koga K, Kasuya S, Khamboonruang C, Sukhavat K, Ieda M, Takatsuka N, Kita K, Ohtomo H, 1991. A modified agar plate method for detection of Strongyloides stercoralis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45: 518–521.
-
19.
Maleewong W, Wongkham C, Intapan PM, Pipitgool V, 1999. Fasciola gigantica–specific antigens: Purification by a continuous-elution method and its evaluation for the diagnosis of human fascioliasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 648–651.
-
20.
Wongkham C, Maleewong W, Intapan P, Morakote N, Chaicumpa W, 1994. Partially purified antigens of Paragonimus heterotremus for serodiagnosis of human paragonimiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 25: 176–180.
-
21.
Intapan PM, Khotsri P, Kanpittaya J, Chotmongkol V, Maleewong W, Morakote N, 2008. Evaluation of IgG4 and total IgG antibodies against cysticerci and peptide antigens for the diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis by ELISA. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 26: 237–244.
-
22.
Boonyasiri A, Cheunsuchon P, Suputtamongkol Y, Yamasaki H, Sanpool O, Maleewong W, Intapan PM, 2014. Nine human sparganosis cases in Thailand with molecular identification of causative parasite species. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 389–393.
-
23.
Morakote N, Sukhavat K, Khamboonruang C, Siriprasert V, Suphawitayanukul S, Thamasonthi W, 1992. Persistence of IgG, IgM, and IgE antibodies in human trichinosis. Trop Med Parasitol 43: 167–169.
-
24.
Somboonpatarakun C, Intapan PM, Sadaow L, Rodpai R, Sanpool O, Maleewong W, 2020. Development of an immunochromatographic device to detect antibodies for rapid diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis. Parasitology 147: 194–198.
-
25.
Janwan P et al., 2016. Development and usefulness of an immunochromatographic device to detect antibodies for rapid diagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Parasit Vectors 9: 14.
-
26.
Janwan P, Intapan PM, Sadaow L, Rodpai R, Yamasaki H, Boonroumkaew P, Sanpool O, Thanchomnang T, Sadee P, Maleewong W, 2021. Development of immunochromatographic test kit for rapid detection of specific IgG4 antibody in whole-blood samples for diagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Diagnostics (Basel) 11: 862.
-
27.
Galen RS, 1980. Predictive value and efficiency of laboratory testing. Pediatr Clin North Am 27: 861–869.
-
28.
Boehringer HR, O’Farrell BJ, 2021. Lateral flow assays in infectious disease diagnosis. Clin Chem 68: 52–58.
-
29.
Uchikawa R, Ichiki H, Komaki E, 1991. Antibody responses and protective immunity in rats receiving repeated inoculations of Strongyloides ratti. J Parasitol 77: 737–741.
-
30.
Seet RC, Lau LG, Tambyah PA, 2005. Strongyloides hyperinfection and hypogammaglobulinemia. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12: 680–682.
-
31.
Intapan PM, Maleewong W, Wongsaroj T, Singthong S, Morakote N, 2005. Comparison of the quantitative formalin ethyl acetate concentration technique and agar plate culture for diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis. J Clin Microbiol 43: 1932–1933.
-
32.
Prato M, Tamarozzi F, Tais S, Rizzi E, Mazzi C, Buonfrate D, 2024. Evaluation of the SsIR/NIE recombinant antigen ELISA for the follow up of patients infected by Strongyloides stercoralis: A diagnostic study. Parasitology 151: 295–299.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 486 | 486 | 248 |
| Full Text Views | 35 | 35 | 15 |
| PDF Downloads | 48 | 48 | 17 |