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ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Weaver SC, Forrester NL, Liu J, Vasilakis N, 2021. Population bottlenecks and founder effects: Implications for mosquito-borne arboviral emergence. Nat Rev Microbiol 19: 184–195.
-
2.
Campos RK, Rossi SL, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, 2023. Zoonotic mosquito-borne arboviruses: Spillover, spillback, and realistic mitigation strategies. Sci Transl Med 15: eadj2166.
-
3.
Bhatt S et al., 2013. The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature 496: 504–507.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2024. Vector-Borne Diseases. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases. Accessed December 13, 2023.
-
5.
Romano D, Stefanini C, Canale A, Benelli G, 2018. Artificial blood feeders for mosquitoes and ticks—Where from, where to? Acta Trop 183: 43–56.
-
6.
Benedict MQ, Knols BG, Bossin HC, Howell PI, Mialhe E, Caceres C, Robinson AS, 2009. Colonisation and mass rearing: Learning from others. Malar J 8 (Suppl 2 ):S4.
-
7.
Zarnigar Imam H, Sofi G, Seikh A, 2014. The basic rules and methods of mosquito rearing (Aedes aegypti). Trop Parasitol 4: 53–55.
-
8.
Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 2005. The Ethics of Research Involving Animals. London, United Kingdom: Nuffield Council on Bioethics.
-
9.
Kang M, Long T, Chang C, Meng T, Ma H, Li Z, Li P, Chen Y, 2022. A review of the ethical use of animals in functional experimental research in China based on the “Four R” principles of reduction, replacement, refinement, and responsibility. Med Sci Monit Int Med T 28: e938807-1–e938807-6.
-
10.
Rutledge LC, Ward RA, Gould DJ, 1964. Studies on the feeding response of mosquitoes. Mosq News 24: 407–419.
-
11.
Tarshis IB, 1958. Feeding Techniques for Bloodsucking Arthropods.. Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress on Entomology, Montreal, Canada, August 17–25, 1956, Section on Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Available at: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19601000396. Accessed August 22, 2023.
-
12.
Wetzel H, 1979. Artificial membrane for in vitro feeding of piercing-sucking arthropods. Entomologia Exp Applicata 25: 117–119.
-
13.
Pipkin AG, Connor TJ, 1968. A temperature-controlled feeding apparatus for hematophagous arthropods. J Med Entomol 5: 507–509.
-
14.
Wirtz A, Rutledge LC, 1980. Reconstituted collagen sausage casings for the blood feeding of mosquitoes. Mosq News 40: 287–288.
-
15.
Costa-da-Silva AL, 2023. Membrane feeding devices to blood feed mosquitoes in the laboratory. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2023: 107655-pdb.top.
-
16.
Tseng M, 2003. A simple parafilm m-based method for blood-feeding Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 40: 588–589.
-
17.
Luo YP, 2014. A novel multiple membrane blood-feeding system for investigating and maintaining Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. J Vector Ecol 39: 271–277.
-
18.
Cosgrove JB, Wood RJ, Petrić D, Evans DT, Abbott RH, 1994. A convenient mosquito membrane feeding system. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 10: 434–436.
-
19.
Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A, 2016. Rayyan—A web and mobile app for. Syst Rev 5: 210.
-
20.
JBI, 2023. Critical Appraisal ToolsAvailable at: https://jbi.global/critical-appraisal-tools. Accessed December 13, 2023.
-
21.
Graumans W, Schinkel M, Gemert GJ, van, Spitzen J, Bousema T, Miesen P, 2023. Comparative analysis of glass and Hemotek membrane feeding systems for malaria transmission research. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 117: 476–478.
-
22.
Faber PA, Dorai A, Chown SL, 2022. A standardised low-cost membrane blood-feeder for Aedes aegypti made using common laboratory materials. PeerJ 10: e14247.
-
23.
de Almeida Costa K, Garcia Rosário IN, Eiras ÁE, da Silva IM, 2021. Artificial bloodfeeder glytube: Evaluating different types of membranes and blood sources for feeding Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 36: 233–239.
-
24.
Dias LS, Caldeira JC, Bauzer LGSR, Lima JBP, 2021. Assessment of synthetic membranes for artificial blood feeding of Culicidae. Insects 12: 15.
-
25.
Md Yatim MF, Azil AH, Safian N, Mohd Salleh AF, Shahar MK, 2021. Comparative analyses on synthetic membranes for artificial blood feeding of Aedes aegypti using Digital Thermo Mosquito Blood Feeder (DITMOF). Pertanika J Sci Technol 29: 2073–2086. Accessed December 12, 2023.
-
26.
Hila AM, Obra G, 2023. Evaluation of blood-feeding methods for rearing dengue mosquito, Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Philipp J Sci 152: 871–880.
-
27.
Pereira T, Carvalho F, Silva L, Mendonça S, Moreira L, 2020. Simplified artificial blood feeding and oral infection method for mosquitoes. PLoS One 15: e923618.
-
28.
Siria DJ, Batista EPA, Opiyo MA, Melo EF, Sumaye RD, Ngowo HS, Eiras AE, Okumu FO, 2018. Evaluation of a simple polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based membrane for blood-feeding of malaria and dengue fever vectors in the laboratory. Parasit Vectors 11: 236.
-
29.
Costa-da-Silva AL, Navarrete FR, Salvador FS, Karina-Costa M, Ioshino RS, Azevedo DS, Rocha DR, Romano CM, Capurro ML, 2013. Glytube: A conical tube and parafilm M-based method as a simplified device to artificially blood-feed the dengue vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. PLoS One 8: e53816.
-
30.
Seck F, Cailleau A, Diallo M, Dia I, 2021. Comparison of the efficiency and performance of two systems and three membranes for blood feeding mosquitoes. BMC Res Notes 14: 388.
-
31.
Damiens D, Soliban SM, Balestrino F, Alsir R, Vreysen MJB, Gilles JRL, 2013. Different blood and sugar feeding regimes affect the productivity of Anopheles arabiensis colonies (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 50: 336–343.
-
32.
Dias L dos S, Bauzer Lgs da R, Lima JBP, 2018. Artificial blood feeding for Culicidae colony maintenance in laboratories: Does the blood source condition matter? Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 60: e45.
-
33.
Phasomkusolsil S, Pantuwatana K, Tawong J, Kertmanee Y, Monkanna N, Wanja EW, Davidson SA, 2018. Evaluation of a new device for measuring the appropriate food quantity required for optimal developmental time, adult body size, and reduced mortality in insectary-reared Anopheles mosquitoes. Int J Mosq Res 5: 43–50.
-
34.
Bunner BL, Scott RL, Dobson SE, Anderson LM, Boobar LR, 1989. Comparison of artificial membrane with live host blood feeding of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). J Entomol Sci 24: 198–203.
-
35.
Ooi CP, Ahmad R, Ismail Z, Chua WS, 2005. Effectiveness of several locally available membranes used for artificial feeding of Aedes albopictus Skuse. Trop Biomed 22: 69–71.
-
36.
Timinao L, Vinit R, Katusele M, Schofield L, Burkot TR, Karl S, 2021. Optimization of the feeding rate of Anopheles farauti s.s. colony mosquitoes in direct membrane feeding assays. Parasit Vectors 14: 356.
-
37.
Gunathilaka N, Ranathunge T, Udayanga L, Abeyewickreme W, 2017. Efficacy of blood sources and artificial blood feeding methods in rearing of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) for sterile insect technique and incompatible insect technique approaches in Sri Lanka. BioMed Res Int 2017: 3196924.
-
38.
Tyler-Julian K, Darrisaw C, Lloyd A, Hoel D, 2021. The use of frozen, food-grade blood to successfully maintain colonies of four species of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Insect Sci 21: 1.
-
39.
Phasomkusolsil S, Tawong J, Monkanna N, Pantuwatana K, Damdangdee N, Khongtak W, Kertmanee Y, Evans BP, Schuster AL, 2013. Maintenance of mosquito vectors: Effects of blood source on feeding, survival, fecundity, and egg hatching rates. J Vector Ecol J Ecol 38: 38–45.
-
40.
Sri-In C, Weng SC, Shiao SH, Tu WC, 2020. A simplified method for blood feeding, oral infection, and saliva collection of the dengue vector mosquitoes. PloS One 15: e0233618.
-
41.
Niain’ny Felamboahangy L, Kaiser ML, Zengenene MP, Okumu F, Munhenga G, Koekemoer LL, 2023. Optimisation of laboratory-rearing parameters for Anopheles funestus larvae and adults. Acta Trop 238: 106785.
-
42.
Graumans W, Heutink R, van Gemert GJ, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, Bousema T, Collins KA, 2020. A mosquito feeding assay to examine Plasmodium transmission to mosquitoes using small blood volumes in 3D printed nano-feeders. Parasit Vectors 13: 401.
-
43.
Dhar I, Akther T, Bashar K, Tabassum S, Howlader AJ, Munshi SU, 2019. Development of a cheap and simple artificial feeding device for studying dengue virus transmission in Aedes aegypti mosquito at the resource-poor setups. Int J Mosq Res 6: 57–62.
-
44.
Astete H et al., 2023. Evaluation of “Caserotek” a low cost and effective artificial blood-feeding device for mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 17: e0011563.
-
45.
HemotekStarter pack—6 feeders with 3ml reservoirs. Hemotek Membrane Feeding Systems. Available at: http://hemotek.co.uk/starter-pack-6-feeders-with-3ml-reservoirs/. Accessed December 13, 2023.
-
46.
Witmer K, Sherrard-Smith E, Straschil U, Tunnicliff M, Baum J, Delves M, 2018. An inexpensive open source 3D-printed membrane feeder for human malaria transmission studies. Malar J 17: 282.
-
47.
Phasomkusolsil S, Pantuwatana K, Tawong J, Khongtak W, Monkanna N, Kertmanee Y, Damdangdee N, McCardle PW, Schuster AL, 2014. Factors influencing the feeding response of laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 45: 40–46.
-
48.
Finlayson C, Saingamsook J, Somboon P, 2015. A simple and affordable membrane-feeding method for Aedes aegpyti and Anopheles minimus (Diptera: Culicidae). Acta Trop 152: 245–251.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 913 | 913 | 401 |
| Full Text Views | 9 | 9 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 14 | 14 | 9 |
Use of Synthetic Membranes and Bovine Blood in Artificial Feeding Systems of Mosquitoes Improves Feeding Rates: Results from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Surendra Kumar
Surendra Kumar
ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India;
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Priyanka Bhavsar
Priyanka Bhavsar
ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India;
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Anakkathil B. Sudeep
Anakkathil B. Sudeep
ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India;
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Kavita S. Lole
Kavita S. Lole
ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India;
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Muhammed A. Shamim
Muhammed A. Shamim
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
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Santhoshkumar Jadhav
Santhoshkumar Jadhav
ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India;
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Glades D’Monte
Glades D’Monte
ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India;
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Sreelakshmi P. Raghunath
dr.pr2003@gmail.com
Sreelakshmi P. Raghunath
ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India;
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ABSTRACT.
Artificial blood feeding of mosquitoes is essential for their rearing in insectaries as well as for mosquito-borne pathogen transmission experiments. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the different artificial feeding systems available for mosquitoes to synthesize evidence regarding their efficacy in terms of feeding rates and fecundity. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were systematically searched to retrieve 1,822 experimental studies assessing the efficacy of artificial feeding systems. After assessing eligibility and risk of bias, 25 studies were included in the final analysis. Studies were reviewed and meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects model. The primary outcomes were feeding rates and fecundity of mosquitoes belonging to genera Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles for the different systems. Subgroup analyses with respect to membrane, blood source, and mosquito genera were conducted. Sensitivity analysis was done to assess heterogeneity. The overall pooled estimate of feeding rate of mosquitoes and the average number of eggs laid per female mosquito using artificial blood-feeding systems were 72% (66–77%) and 71.9 (56.68–87.12), respectively. Results from this systematic review are suggestive of the advantages of novel techniques, such as Digital Thermo Mosquito Blood Feeder and 3D-printed feeders. The study provides evidence for improved feeding rates of mosquitoes in systems using bovine blood and synthetic membranes such as latex.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 6578.8 KB)
Author Notes
Authors’ contributions: S. Kumar: literature search, study selection, data extraction, risk of bias assessment, draft preparation. P. Bhavsar: screening of studies, study selection, data extraction. A. B. Sudeep: interpretation of data, adjudication of disagreements in data extraction, revision of the draft, final approval. K. S. Lole: interpretation of data, revision of the draft, review of risk of bias assessments. M. A. Shamim: data analysis, intellectual input in the overall methodology, final approval. S. Jadhav: data analysis, input for draft preparation. G. de Monte: screening of studies, data extraction. S. P. Raghunath: conception and design of the study, study selection, data extraction, risk of bias assessment, revision of draft for intellectual content and final approval of the version to be published.
Current contact information: Surendra Kumar, Priyanka Bhavsar, Anakkathil B. Sudeep, Kavita S. Lole, Santhoshkumar Jadhav, Glades D’Monte, and Sreelakshmi P. Raghunath, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India, E-mails: surendrakumarrana853@gmail.com, priyankabhavsar.m@gmail.com, lolekavita37@yahoo.com, smjniv@gmail.com, dmonteglades06@gmail.com, and dr.pr2003@gmail.com. Muhammad A. Shamim, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India, E-mail: aaqibsh@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Weaver SC, Forrester NL, Liu J, Vasilakis N, 2021. Population bottlenecks and founder effects: Implications for mosquito-borne arboviral emergence. Nat Rev Microbiol 19: 184–195.
-
2.
Campos RK, Rossi SL, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, 2023. Zoonotic mosquito-borne arboviruses: Spillover, spillback, and realistic mitigation strategies. Sci Transl Med 15: eadj2166.
-
3.
Bhatt S et al., 2013. The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature 496: 504–507.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2024. Vector-Borne Diseases. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases. Accessed December 13, 2023.
-
5.
Romano D, Stefanini C, Canale A, Benelli G, 2018. Artificial blood feeders for mosquitoes and ticks—Where from, where to? Acta Trop 183: 43–56.
-
6.
Benedict MQ, Knols BG, Bossin HC, Howell PI, Mialhe E, Caceres C, Robinson AS, 2009. Colonisation and mass rearing: Learning from others. Malar J 8 (Suppl 2 ):S4.
-
7.
Zarnigar Imam H, Sofi G, Seikh A, 2014. The basic rules and methods of mosquito rearing (Aedes aegypti). Trop Parasitol 4: 53–55.
-
8.
Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 2005. The Ethics of Research Involving Animals. London, United Kingdom: Nuffield Council on Bioethics.
-
9.
Kang M, Long T, Chang C, Meng T, Ma H, Li Z, Li P, Chen Y, 2022. A review of the ethical use of animals in functional experimental research in China based on the “Four R” principles of reduction, replacement, refinement, and responsibility. Med Sci Monit Int Med T 28: e938807-1–e938807-6.
-
10.
Rutledge LC, Ward RA, Gould DJ, 1964. Studies on the feeding response of mosquitoes. Mosq News 24: 407–419.
-
11.
Tarshis IB, 1958. Feeding Techniques for Bloodsucking Arthropods.. Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress on Entomology, Montreal, Canada, August 17–25, 1956, Section on Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Available at: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19601000396. Accessed August 22, 2023.
-
12.
Wetzel H, 1979. Artificial membrane for in vitro feeding of piercing-sucking arthropods. Entomologia Exp Applicata 25: 117–119.
-
13.
Pipkin AG, Connor TJ, 1968. A temperature-controlled feeding apparatus for hematophagous arthropods. J Med Entomol 5: 507–509.
-
14.
Wirtz A, Rutledge LC, 1980. Reconstituted collagen sausage casings for the blood feeding of mosquitoes. Mosq News 40: 287–288.
-
15.
Costa-da-Silva AL, 2023. Membrane feeding devices to blood feed mosquitoes in the laboratory. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2023: 107655-pdb.top.
-
16.
Tseng M, 2003. A simple parafilm m-based method for blood-feeding Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 40: 588–589.
-
17.
Luo YP, 2014. A novel multiple membrane blood-feeding system for investigating and maintaining Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. J Vector Ecol 39: 271–277.
-
18.
Cosgrove JB, Wood RJ, Petrić D, Evans DT, Abbott RH, 1994. A convenient mosquito membrane feeding system. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 10: 434–436.
-
19.
Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A, 2016. Rayyan—A web and mobile app for. Syst Rev 5: 210.
-
20.
JBI, 2023. Critical Appraisal ToolsAvailable at: https://jbi.global/critical-appraisal-tools. Accessed December 13, 2023.
-
21.
Graumans W, Schinkel M, Gemert GJ, van, Spitzen J, Bousema T, Miesen P, 2023. Comparative analysis of glass and Hemotek membrane feeding systems for malaria transmission research. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 117: 476–478.
-
22.
Faber PA, Dorai A, Chown SL, 2022. A standardised low-cost membrane blood-feeder for Aedes aegypti made using common laboratory materials. PeerJ 10: e14247.
-
23.
de Almeida Costa K, Garcia Rosário IN, Eiras ÁE, da Silva IM, 2021. Artificial bloodfeeder glytube: Evaluating different types of membranes and blood sources for feeding Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 36: 233–239.
-
24.
Dias LS, Caldeira JC, Bauzer LGSR, Lima JBP, 2021. Assessment of synthetic membranes for artificial blood feeding of Culicidae. Insects 12: 15.
-
25.
Md Yatim MF, Azil AH, Safian N, Mohd Salleh AF, Shahar MK, 2021. Comparative analyses on synthetic membranes for artificial blood feeding of Aedes aegypti using Digital Thermo Mosquito Blood Feeder (DITMOF). Pertanika J Sci Technol 29: 2073–2086. Accessed December 12, 2023.
-
26.
Hila AM, Obra G, 2023. Evaluation of blood-feeding methods for rearing dengue mosquito, Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Philipp J Sci 152: 871–880.
-
27.
Pereira T, Carvalho F, Silva L, Mendonça S, Moreira L, 2020. Simplified artificial blood feeding and oral infection method for mosquitoes. PLoS One 15: e923618.
-
28.
Siria DJ, Batista EPA, Opiyo MA, Melo EF, Sumaye RD, Ngowo HS, Eiras AE, Okumu FO, 2018. Evaluation of a simple polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based membrane for blood-feeding of malaria and dengue fever vectors in the laboratory. Parasit Vectors 11: 236.
-
29.
Costa-da-Silva AL, Navarrete FR, Salvador FS, Karina-Costa M, Ioshino RS, Azevedo DS, Rocha DR, Romano CM, Capurro ML, 2013. Glytube: A conical tube and parafilm M-based method as a simplified device to artificially blood-feed the dengue vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. PLoS One 8: e53816.
-
30.
Seck F, Cailleau A, Diallo M, Dia I, 2021. Comparison of the efficiency and performance of two systems and three membranes for blood feeding mosquitoes. BMC Res Notes 14: 388.
-
31.
Damiens D, Soliban SM, Balestrino F, Alsir R, Vreysen MJB, Gilles JRL, 2013. Different blood and sugar feeding regimes affect the productivity of Anopheles arabiensis colonies (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 50: 336–343.
-
32.
Dias L dos S, Bauzer Lgs da R, Lima JBP, 2018. Artificial blood feeding for Culicidae colony maintenance in laboratories: Does the blood source condition matter? Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 60: e45.
-
33.
Phasomkusolsil S, Pantuwatana K, Tawong J, Kertmanee Y, Monkanna N, Wanja EW, Davidson SA, 2018. Evaluation of a new device for measuring the appropriate food quantity required for optimal developmental time, adult body size, and reduced mortality in insectary-reared Anopheles mosquitoes. Int J Mosq Res 5: 43–50.
-
34.
Bunner BL, Scott RL, Dobson SE, Anderson LM, Boobar LR, 1989. Comparison of artificial membrane with live host blood feeding of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). J Entomol Sci 24: 198–203.
-
35.
Ooi CP, Ahmad R, Ismail Z, Chua WS, 2005. Effectiveness of several locally available membranes used for artificial feeding of Aedes albopictus Skuse. Trop Biomed 22: 69–71.
-
36.
Timinao L, Vinit R, Katusele M, Schofield L, Burkot TR, Karl S, 2021. Optimization of the feeding rate of Anopheles farauti s.s. colony mosquitoes in direct membrane feeding assays. Parasit Vectors 14: 356.
-
37.
Gunathilaka N, Ranathunge T, Udayanga L, Abeyewickreme W, 2017. Efficacy of blood sources and artificial blood feeding methods in rearing of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) for sterile insect technique and incompatible insect technique approaches in Sri Lanka. BioMed Res Int 2017: 3196924.
-
38.
Tyler-Julian K, Darrisaw C, Lloyd A, Hoel D, 2021. The use of frozen, food-grade blood to successfully maintain colonies of four species of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Insect Sci 21: 1.
-
39.
Phasomkusolsil S, Tawong J, Monkanna N, Pantuwatana K, Damdangdee N, Khongtak W, Kertmanee Y, Evans BP, Schuster AL, 2013. Maintenance of mosquito vectors: Effects of blood source on feeding, survival, fecundity, and egg hatching rates. J Vector Ecol J Ecol 38: 38–45.
-
40.
Sri-In C, Weng SC, Shiao SH, Tu WC, 2020. A simplified method for blood feeding, oral infection, and saliva collection of the dengue vector mosquitoes. PloS One 15: e0233618.
-
41.
Niain’ny Felamboahangy L, Kaiser ML, Zengenene MP, Okumu F, Munhenga G, Koekemoer LL, 2023. Optimisation of laboratory-rearing parameters for Anopheles funestus larvae and adults. Acta Trop 238: 106785.
-
42.
Graumans W, Heutink R, van Gemert GJ, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, Bousema T, Collins KA, 2020. A mosquito feeding assay to examine Plasmodium transmission to mosquitoes using small blood volumes in 3D printed nano-feeders. Parasit Vectors 13: 401.
-
43.
Dhar I, Akther T, Bashar K, Tabassum S, Howlader AJ, Munshi SU, 2019. Development of a cheap and simple artificial feeding device for studying dengue virus transmission in Aedes aegypti mosquito at the resource-poor setups. Int J Mosq Res 6: 57–62.
-
44.
Astete H et al., 2023. Evaluation of “Caserotek” a low cost and effective artificial blood-feeding device for mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 17: e0011563.
-
45.
HemotekStarter pack—6 feeders with 3ml reservoirs. Hemotek Membrane Feeding Systems. Available at: http://hemotek.co.uk/starter-pack-6-feeders-with-3ml-reservoirs/. Accessed December 13, 2023.
-
46.
Witmer K, Sherrard-Smith E, Straschil U, Tunnicliff M, Baum J, Delves M, 2018. An inexpensive open source 3D-printed membrane feeder for human malaria transmission studies. Malar J 17: 282.
-
47.
Phasomkusolsil S, Pantuwatana K, Tawong J, Khongtak W, Monkanna N, Kertmanee Y, Damdangdee N, McCardle PW, Schuster AL, 2014. Factors influencing the feeding response of laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 45: 40–46.
-
48.
Finlayson C, Saingamsook J, Somboon P, 2015. A simple and affordable membrane-feeding method for Aedes aegpyti and Anopheles minimus (Diptera: Culicidae). Acta Trop 152: 245–251.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 913 | 913 | 401 |
| Full Text Views | 9 | 9 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 14 | 14 | 9 |