Authors:
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- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- Clinical symptoms and manifestations.
- Disease management and treatment strategies.
- Molecular virology of CHIKV.
- Global burden of CHIKV and enzootic and epidemic/endemic transmission cycles and vectors.
- Host factors as entry drivers and aid atherogenic pathogenesis for CHIKV.
- Host factors involved in CHIKV replication.
- Host factors associated with anti-CHIKV activity.
- Evasion of the innate immune response by the Chikungunya virus.
- Adaptive immune response.
- Future directions toward CHIKV-induced disease.
- Supplemental Materials
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
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Infectomics of Chikungunya Virus: Roles Played by Host Factors
Nur Amelia Azreen Binti Adnan
Nur Amelia Azreen Binti Adnan
Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Nida Kalam
Nida Kalam
Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Gabriel Lim Zi Jiunn
Gabriel Lim Zi Jiunn
Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Thamil Vaani Komarasamy
Thamil Vaani Komarasamy
Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Vinod R. M. T. Balasubramaniam
vinod.balasubramaniam@monash.edu
Vinod R. M. T. Balasubramaniam
Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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ABSTRACT.
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), prevalent in tropical regions, is known for causing frequent outbreaks, particularly in Central Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia. It is an arbovirus transmitted by the Aedes (Ae.) aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. Infections lead to severe joint and muscle pain, which can linger and significantly impair an individual’s health, quality of life, and economic stability. Recent climatic changes and the globalization of travel have facilitated the worldwide spread of these mosquitoes. Currently, no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug is available for treating CHIKV infection. Recently, the FDA approved a live, attenuated vaccine called Ixchiq. However, this vaccine has been linked to side effects, leading the FDA to mandate additional post-marketing studies to assess the risk of severe adverse reactions similar to the virus. An emerging strategy in drug development focuses on targeting host factors that the virus exploits rather than the viral proteins themselves. This review explores the interactions between CHIKV and host factors that could be potential therapeutic targets. Despite progress in understanding the life cycle of CHIKV, the immune system’s role in combating the virus still needs to be fully understood. Investigating treatments that enhance the host’s immune response may offer new paths to combating CHIKV.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 162.95 KB)
Author Notes
Authors’ contributions: V. R. M. T. Balasubramaniam conceptualized and designed the manuscript. N. A. A. Binti Adnan, N. Kalam, and G. Lim Zi Jiunn wrote and prepared the manuscript. T. V. Komarasamy edited the manuscript. N. A. A. Binti Adnan created all the figures. V. R. M. T. Balasubramaniam and N. Kalam critically revised the manuscript. All the authors approved the final version.
Current contact information: Nur Amelia Azreen Binti Adnan, Nida Kalam, Gabriel Lim Zi Jiunn, Thamil Vaani Komarasamy, and Vinod R. M. T. Balasubramaniam, Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia. E-mails: ameliaadnan88@gmail.com, nida.kalam@monash.edu, gabrieltheultimate@gmail.com, thamil_vaani@live.com, and vinod.balasubramaniam@monash.edu.
- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- Clinical symptoms and manifestations.
- Disease management and treatment strategies.
- Molecular virology of CHIKV.
- Global burden of CHIKV and enzootic and epidemic/endemic transmission cycles and vectors.
- Host factors as entry drivers and aid atherogenic pathogenesis for CHIKV.
- Host factors involved in CHIKV replication.
- Host factors associated with anti-CHIKV activity.
- Evasion of the innate immune response by the Chikungunya virus.
- Adaptive immune response.
- Future directions toward CHIKV-induced disease.
- Supplemental Materials
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
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