ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
The Lancet, 2017. Snake-bite envenoming: A priority neglected tropical disease. Lancet 390: 2.
-
2.
The Lancet, 2010. Snake bite: Time to stop the neglect. Lancet 375: 2.
-
3.
Chippaux JP, 1998. Snake-bites: Appraisal of the global situation. Bull World Health Organ 76: 515–524.
-
4.
Kasturiratne A, Wickremasinghe AR, de Silva N, Gunawardena NK, Pathmeswaran A, Premaratna R, Savioli L, Lalloo DG, de Silva HJ, 2008. The global burden of snakebite: A literature analysis and modelling based on regional estimates of envenoming and deaths. PLoS Med 5: 1591–1604.
-
5.
Gutiérrez JM, Calvete JJ, Habib AG, Harrison RA, Williams DJ, Warrell DA, 2017. Snakebite envenoming. Nat Rev Dis Primers 3: 17063.
-
6.
Harrison RA, Hargreaves A, Wagstaff SC, Faragher B, Lalloo DG, 2009. Snake envenoming: A disease of poverty. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e569.
-
7.
Pandey DP, 2015. Venomous Snakes of Medical Relevance in Nepal: Study on Species, Epidemiology of Snake Bite and Assessment of Risk Factors of Envenoming and Death. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Biosciences, J. W. Goethe University: Frankfurt, Germany. Available at: http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/38272. Accessed October 20, 2024.
-
8.
Chippaux J-P, 2011. Estimate of the burden of snakebites in sub-Saharan Africa: A meta-analytic approach. Toxicon 57: 586–599.
-
9.
Mohapatra B, Warrell DA, Suraweera W, Bhatia P, Dhingra N, Jotkar RM, Rodriguez PS, Mishra K, Whitaker R, Jha P; Million Death Study Collaborators, 2011. Snakebite mortality in India: A nationally representative mortality survey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1018.
-
10.
Suraweera W et al., 2020. Trends in snakebite deaths in India from 2000 to 2019 in a nationally representative mortality study. eLife 9: e54076.
-
11.
Ediriweera DS et al., 2016. Mapping the risk of snakebite in Sri Lanka—A national survey with geospatial analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004813.
-
12.
Rahman R et al., 2010. Annual incidence of snakebite in rural Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e860.
-
13.
Habib AG, Kuznik A, Hamza M, Abdullahi MI, Chedi BA, Chippaux JP, Warrell DA, 2015. Snakebite is under appreciated: Appraisal of burden from West Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0004088.
-
14.
Pandey DP, Shrestha BR, Acharya KP, Shah KJ, Thapa-Magar C, Dhakal IP, Mohamed F, Isbister GK, 2023. A prospective study of snakebite in a tertiary care hospital in south-western Nepal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 117: 435–443.
-
15.
Bawaskar HS, Bawaskar PH, Punde DP, Inamdar MK, Dongare RB, Bhoite RR, 2008. Profile of snakebite envenoming in rural Maharashtra, India. J Assoc Physicians India 56: 88–95.
-
16.
Vaiyapuri S et al., 2013. Snakebite and its socio-economic impact on the rural population of Tamil Nadu, India. PLoS One 8: e80090.
-
17.
Vaiyapuri S, Kadam P, Chandrasekharuni G, Oliveira IS, Senthilkumaran S, Salim A, Patel K, de Almeida Gonçalves Sachett J, Pucca MB, 2023. Multifaceted community health education programs as powerful tools to mitigate snakebite-induced deaths, disabilities, and socioeconomic burden. Toxicon X 17: 100147.
-
18.
Hasan SMK, Basher A, Molla AA, Sultana NK, Faiz MA, 2012. The impact of snake bite on household economy in Bangladesh. Trop Doct 42: 41–43.
-
19.
Williams SS, Wijesinghe CA, Jayamanne SF, Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Lalloo DG, de Silva HJ, 2011. Delayed psychological morbidity associated with snakebite envenoming. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1255.
-
20.
Jayawardana S, Arambepola C, Chang T, Gnanathasan A, 2018. Long-term health complications following snake envenoming. J Multidiscip Healthc 11: 279–285.
-
21.
Habib ZG, Salihu AS, Hamza M, Yakasai AM, Iliyasu G, Yola IM, Gudaji MI, Abubakar SB, Habib AG, 2021. Posttraumatic stress disorder and psycho-social impairment following snakebite in Northeastern Nigeria. Int J Psychiatry Med 56: 97–115.
-
22.
Magalhães SFV, Peixoto HM, de Almeida Gonçalves Sachett J, Oliveira SS, Alves EC, Dos Santos Ibiapina HN, Monteiro WM, de Oliveira MRF, 2020. Snakebite envenomation in the Brazilian Amazon: A cost-of-illness study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 114: 642–649.
-
23.
Khan A, Al-Kathiri WH, Balkhi B, Samrkandi O, Al-Khalifa MS, Asiri Y, 2020. The burden of bites and stings management: Experience of an academic hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 28: 1049–1054.
-
24.
Boyer LV, 2015. On 1000-fold pharmaceutical price markups and why drugs cost more in the United States than in Mexico. Am J Med 128: 1265–1267.
-
25.
Patikorn C, Leelavanich D, Ismail AK, Othman I, Taychakhoonavudh S, Chaiyakunapruk N, 2020. Global systematic review of cost of illness and economic evaluation studies associated with snakebite. J Glob Health 10: 1–8.
-
26.
Ye J, Scheidt JF, Staton CA, Andrade L, Vissoci JRN, Gerardo CJ, 2018. Low socioeconomic development impacts treatment of snake envenomation in Brazil. Toxicon 150: 331–332.
-
27.
World Health Organization, 2022. Regional Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Snakebite Envenoming in South-East Asia 2022–2030. New Delhi, India: WHO, Regional Office for South-East Asia.
-
28.
Pandey DP, Thapa NB, 2023. Analysis of news media-reported snakebite envenoming in Nepal during 2010–2022. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 17: e0011572.
-
29.
Pandey DP, Vohra R, Stalcup P, Shrestha BR, 2016. A season of snakebite envenomation: Presentation patterns, timing of care, anti-venom use, and case fatality rates from a hospital of southcentral Nepal. J Venom Res 7: 1–9.
-
30.
Sharma SK, Kuch U, Höde P, Bruhse L, Pandey DP, Ghimire A, Chappuis F, Alirol E, 2016. Use of molecular diagnostic tools for the identification of species responsible for snakebite in Nepal: A pilot study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004620.
-
31.
Pandey DP, Ghimire A, Shrestha BR, 2019. Retrospective documentation of a confirmed white-lipped green pit viper (Trimeresurus albolabris Gray, 1842) bite in the south-central hills of Nepal. Wilderness Environ Med 30: 79–85.
-
32.
Pandey DP, Chaudhary B, Shrestha BR, 2021. Documentation of a proven mountain pitviper (Ovophis monticola) envenomation in Kathmandu, Nepal, with its distribution ranges: Implications for prevention and control of pitviper bites in Asia. J Venom Res 11: 1–6.
-
33.
Pandey DP, Thapamagar C, 2019.Medically Important Snakes and Snakebite Management in Nepal. Bharatpur, Nepal: Bishnu Kumari Pandey.
-
34.
Warrell DA, Williams DJ, 2023. Clinical aspects of snakebite envenoming and its treatment in low-resource settings. Lancet 401: 1382–1398.
-
35.
Lang H, Amito J, Dünser MW, Giera R, Towey R, 2020. Intensive-care management of snakebite victims in rural sub-Saharan Africa: An experience from Uganda. South Afr J Crit Care 36: 39–45.
-
36.
Seifert SA, Armitage JO, Sanchez EE, 2022. Snake envenomation. N Engl J Med 386: 68–78.
-
37.
Holla SK, Rao HA, Shenoy D, Boloor A, Boyanagari M, 2018. The role of fresh frozen plasma in reducing the volume of anti-snake venom in snakebite envenomation. Trop Doct 48: 89–93.
-
38.
Kasturiratne A, Pathmeswaran A, Wickremasinghe AR, Jayamanne SF, Dawson A, Isbister GK, de Silva HJ, Lalloo DG, 2017. The socio-economic burden of snakebite in Sri Lanka. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0005647.
-
39.
Shah KB, Sherstha JM, Thapa CL, 2003. Snakebite Management Guideline. Kathmandu, Nepal: Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Zoonoses Control Sub-section, Government of Nepal.
-
40.
Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Kathmandu Government of Nepal, 2019. National Guideline for Snake Bite Management in Nepal. Teku, Kathmandu: Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population, Department of Health Services, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division.
-
41.
Larg A, Moss JR, 2011. Cost-of-illness studies: A guide to critical evaluation. Pharmacoeconomics 29: 653–671.
-
42.
Grosse SD, 2009. Human capital approach. Kattan MW Encyclopedia of Medical Decision Making. London, United Kingdom: Sage Publications.
-
43.
Murray CJ et al., 2012. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380: 2197–2223.
-
44.
Razali NM, Wah YB, 2011. Power comparisons of Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors and Anderson-Darling tests. J Stat Model Analytics 2: 21–33.
-
45.
Alcoba G et al., 2022. Snakebite epidemiology in humans and domestic animals across the Terai region in Nepal: A multicluster random survey. Lancet Glob Health 10: e398–e408.
-
46.
Chaudhary B, Dahal A, Bhattarai R, Pandey D, 2023. News media coverage of snakebite incidence in Nepal during 2010–2022. Adv Clinical Toxicol 8: 1–15.
-
47.
Sharma SK, Chappuis F, Jha N, Bovier PA, Loutan L, Koirala S, 2004. Impact of snakebites and determinants of fatal outcomes in southeastern Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 234–238.
-
48.
Babo Martins S, Bolon I, Alcoba G, Ochoa C, Torgerson P, Sharma SK, Ray N, Chappuis F, Ruiz de Castañeda R, 2022. Assessment of the effect of snakebite on health and socioeconomic factors using a One Health perspective in the Terai region of Nepal: A cross-sectional study. Lancet Glob Health 10: e409–e15.
-
49.
Shrestha BR, Pandey DP, Acharya KP, Thapa-Magar C, Mohamed F, Isbister GK, 2017. Effective, polyvalent, affordable antivenom needed to treat snakebite in Nepal. Bull World Health Organ 95: 718–719.
-
50.
Williams HF, Vaiyapuri R, Gajjeraman P, Hutchinson G, Gibbins JM, Bicknell AB, Vaiyapuri S, 2017. Challenges in diagnosing and treating snakebites in a rural population of Tamil Nadu, India: The views of clinicians. Toxicon 130: 44–46.
-
51.
Baral B, Magar GB, Shah KB, 2022. Socio-economic manifestation dealing with a proven green pit viper (Cryptelytrops sp.) envenomation—A case from Nalagad Municipality, Jajarkot, Karnali Province, Nepal. J Clin Exp Investig 13: em00786.
-
52.
Chuang PC, Chang KW, Cheng SY, Pan HY, Huang KC, Huang YT, Li CJ, 2021. Benefits of early in-hospital antivenom administration to patients with Protobothrops mucrosquamatus envenomation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 104: 323–328.
-
53.
Salim A et al., 2023. Identifying key factors contributing to treatment costs for snakebite envenoming in private tertiary healthcare settings in Tamil Nadu, India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 17: e0011699.
-
54.
Vasquez C, Neri Castro E, Carter ED, 2024. Therapeutic itineraries of snakebite victims and antivenom access in southern Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 18: e0012301.
-
55.
Kawabata K, Xu K, Carrin G, 2002. Preventing impoverishment through protection against catastrophic health expenditure. Bull World Health Organ 80: 612.
-
56.
Salim A et al., 2024. Challenges in rescuing snakes to protect human lives and promote snake conservation in Tamil Nadu, India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 18: e0012516.
-
57.
Hsu J-Y, Chiang SO, Yang CC, Mao YC, 2024. A nationwide study on the risks of complications and healthcare costs of snakebite envenomation in Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 111: 205–215.
-
58.
Bhaumik S, 2013. Snakebite: A forgotten problem. BMJ 346: f628.
-
59.
Alirol E et al., 2017. Dose of antivenom for the treatment of snakebite with neurotoxic envenoming: Evidence from a randomised controlled trial in Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0005612.
-
60.
Bawaskar HS, Bawaskar PH, Bawaskar PH, 2020. Primary health care for snakebite in India is inadequate. Lancet 395: 112.
-
61.
Pandey DP, Subedi Pandey G, Sapkota S, Dangol DR, Devkota NR, 2023. Attitudes, knowledge and practices of traditional snakebite healers in Nepal: Implication for prevention and control of snakebite. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 117: 219–228.
-
62.
Smelski G, Watkins SA, Wilson B, Ramirez J, Mazda Shirazi F, Walter FG, 2024. Evaluation of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis definition of major bleeding in Arizona rattlesnake bites. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 62: 569–573.
-
63.
Pandey DP, 2007. Epidemiology of snakebites based on field survey in Chitwan and Nawalparasi Districts, Nepal. J Med Toxicol 3: 164–168.
-
64.
Patikorn C et al., 2022. Estimating economic and disease burden of snakebite in ASEAN countries using a decision analytic model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e0010775.
-
65.
Habib AG, 2013. Public health aspects of snakebite care in West Africa: Perspectives from Nigeria. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 19: 27.
-
66.
Pandey DP, Sharma SK, Alirol E, Sharma CM, Thapa-Magar C, Chappuis F, Kuch U, 2018. Eco-epidemiological circumstances, pre-admission histories and assessment of risk factors of envenoming and death due to Krait and Russell’s viper bites in Southern Nepal. Toxicon 150: 331.
-
67.
Michael GC, Thacher TD, Shehu MIL, 2011. The effect of pre-hospital care for venomous snakebite on outcome in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 105: 95–101.
-
68.
Paudel KM, Poudyal VP, Rayamajhi RB, Budhathoki SS, 2015. Clinico-epidemiological profile and outcome of poisonous snake bites in children using the WHO treatment protocol in western Nepal. J Nobel Med College 4: 21–25.
-
69.
Schurer JM, Admasu MT, Bonaventure M, Hakizimana D, Murara E, MacDonald LE, Rafferty E, 2023. “I sold my towel and shoes to pay the traditional healer”: Care-seeking costs and productivity losses among snakebite victims in Eastern Province, Rwanda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 17: e0011768.
-
70.
Pandey DP, 2023. Global perspectives on human-snake interactions. Penning DS Snakes: Morphology, Function, and Ecology. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 547–596.
-
71.
Waiddyanatha S, Silva A, Weerakoon K, Siribaddana S, Isbister GK, 2022. Long-term health effects perceived by snakebite patients in rural Sri Lanka: A cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e0010723.
-
72.
Bhaumik S, Kallakuri S, Kaur A, Devarapalli S, Daniel M, 2020. Mental health conditions after snakebite: A scoping review. BMJ Glob Health 5: e004131.
-
73.
Wood L et al., 2022. “Then they prayed, they did nothing else, they just prayed for the boy and he was well”: A qualitative investigation into the perceptions and behaviours surrounding snakebite and its management in rural communities of Kitui county, Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e0010579.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 95360 | 95360 | 54372 |
| Full Text Views | 115 | 115 | 43 |
| PDF Downloads | 38 | 38 | 0 |
Cost of Snakebite and Its Impact on Household Economy in Southern Nepal
Deb Prasad Pandey
debpandey@gmail.com
Deb Prasad Pandey
Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal;
Institute for Social and Environmental Research–Nepal, Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal;
Search for other papers by Deb Prasad Pandey in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Institute for Social and Environmental Research–Nepal, Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal;
Search for other papers by Deb Prasad Pandey in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Bhojraj Adhikari
Bhojraj Adhikari
Department of Medicine, Bharatpur Hospital, Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal;
Search for other papers by Bhojraj Adhikari in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Bhojraj Adhikari in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Parash Pandey
Parash Pandey
Department of Anesthesiology, Bheri Hospital, Nepalgunj, Nepal;
Search for other papers by Parash Pandey in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Parash Pandey in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Kalyan Sapkota
Kalyan Sapkota
Department of Medicine, Bharatpur Hospital, Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal;
Search for other papers by Kalyan Sapkota in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Kalyan Sapkota in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Mina Kumari Bhusal
Mina Kumari Bhusal
Bharatpur Hospital Nursing College, Bharatpur Hospital, Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal;
Search for other papers by Mina Kumari Bhusal in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Mina Kumari Bhusal in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Priti Kandel
Priti Kandel
Department of Microbiology, Birendra Multiple Campus, Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal;
Search for other papers by Priti Kandel in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Priti Kandel in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Durga Laxmi Shrestha
Durga Laxmi Shrestha
Department of Nursing, Bheri Hospital, Nepalgunj, Nepal;
Search for other papers by Durga Laxmi Shrestha in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Durga Laxmi Shrestha in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Bhola Ram Shrestha
Bhola Ram Shrestha
Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal
Search for other papers by Bhola Ram Shrestha in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Bhola Ram Shrestha in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
ABSTRACT.
We aimed to estimate the cost of snakebite and its impact on the economy of snakebite-affected households in southern Nepal. We conducted cross-sectional and prospective studies of confirmed snakebite cases at two hospitals in south central and southwestern Nepal during May to October 2020. We estimated the economic impact of snakebite on affected households by evaluating direct and indirect costs for treatments and opportunity costs of patients and attendants (household members or relatives). We included 553 snakebites that caused 185 envenomings (34%), resulting in 15 deaths (case fatality rate, 8%). These occurred across 87 subdistricts, 21 districts, and six provinces (25% rural, 75% urban overall). Median direct, indirect, and opportunity costs of snakebite were US$95.30, US$65.80, and US$4,995.20 for envenomings and US$14.50, US$13.50, and US$10.10 for nonenvenomed snakebites, respectively. The impact of snakebite envenomings on household economy included not only the remarkable out-of-pocket expenditure but also the loss of patients’ and visitors’ productivity (i.e., daily income/wages while seeking snakebite care in hospitals). Lack of insurance for snakebite treatment increased the psychosocial and economic burden. Deterioration in family economy and psychology was particularly severe when death from snakebite affected breadwinners. Therefore, taking action to minimize the impact of snakebite envenoming becomes a priority for all.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 1091.7 KB)
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 515.68 KB)
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 265.46 KB)
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 473.20 KB)
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 120.85 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support:
Disclosures: The Ethical Review Board of the Nepal Health Research Council (295/2020P) and the Institutional Review Board of Bharatpur Hospital (2721/2020) approved this study. We obtained written informed consent from the research participants after explaining the objectives of the study before their inclusion. We did not obligate respondents to participate in this study. We anonymized all data using alphanumeric codes.
Authors’ contributions: Conceptualization: D. P. Pandey. Data curation: D. P. Pandey, M. K. Bhusal, P. Kandel, and B. R. Shrestha. Formal analysis: D. P. Pandey. Funding acquisition: D. P. Pandey. Investigation: D. P. Pandey, B. Adhikari, K. Sapkota, and P. Pandey. Methodology: D. P. Pandey. Project administration: D. P. Pandey, B. Adhikari. Supervision: D. P. Pandey, B. Adhikari, K. Sapkota, M. K. Bhusal, D. L. Shrestha, P. Pandey, and B. R. Shrestha. Validation: D. P. Pandey. Writing – original draft: D. P. Pandey. Review & editing: D. P. Pandey, B. Adhikari, K. Sapkota, M. K. Bhusal, D. L. Shrestha, P. Pandey, and B. R. Shrestha.
Data availability: This study has generated a simple data set that was used to generate the tables and figures. The tables and figures include all data with appropriate statistical analyses. These data are obvious to understand from the tables’ titles as well as row and column headings and figures’ labels and legends. Therefore, the majority of data are included within this manuscript and the remaining data are included in two appendices to understand and reproduce this study. Raw data are available upon request to the corresponding author.
Current contact information: Deb Prasad Pandey, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal, and Institute for Social and Environmental Research–Nepal (ISER–Nepal), Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal, E-mail: debpandey@gmail.com. Bhojraj Adhikari, Pushpanjali Hospital, Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal, E-mail: drbhojraj48@gmail.com. Kalyan Sapkota, Department of Medicine, Bharatpur Hospital, Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal, E-mail: kalyansapkota@gmail.com. Parash Pandey, Department of Anesthesiology, Bheri Hospital, Nepalgunj, Nepal, E-mail: parashpandey12794@gmail.com. Mina Kumari Bhusal, Bharatpur Hospital Nursing College, Bharatpur Hospital, Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal, E-mail: mbhusal930@gmail.com. Priti Kandel, Department of Microbiology, Birendra Multiple Campus, Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal, E-mail: pt.kandel11@gmail.com. Durga Laxmi Shrestha, Department of Nursing, Bheri Hospital, Nepalgunj, Nepal, E-mail: dlsdurga@gmail.com. Bhola Ram Shrestha, Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal, E-mail: dr.bhola@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
The Lancet, 2017. Snake-bite envenoming: A priority neglected tropical disease. Lancet 390: 2.
-
2.
The Lancet, 2010. Snake bite: Time to stop the neglect. Lancet 375: 2.
-
3.
Chippaux JP, 1998. Snake-bites: Appraisal of the global situation. Bull World Health Organ 76: 515–524.
-
4.
Kasturiratne A, Wickremasinghe AR, de Silva N, Gunawardena NK, Pathmeswaran A, Premaratna R, Savioli L, Lalloo DG, de Silva HJ, 2008. The global burden of snakebite: A literature analysis and modelling based on regional estimates of envenoming and deaths. PLoS Med 5: 1591–1604.
-
5.
Gutiérrez JM, Calvete JJ, Habib AG, Harrison RA, Williams DJ, Warrell DA, 2017. Snakebite envenoming. Nat Rev Dis Primers 3: 17063.
-
6.
Harrison RA, Hargreaves A, Wagstaff SC, Faragher B, Lalloo DG, 2009. Snake envenoming: A disease of poverty. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e569.
-
7.
Pandey DP, 2015. Venomous Snakes of Medical Relevance in Nepal: Study on Species, Epidemiology of Snake Bite and Assessment of Risk Factors of Envenoming and Death. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Biosciences, J. W. Goethe University: Frankfurt, Germany. Available at: http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/38272. Accessed October 20, 2024.
-
8.
Chippaux J-P, 2011. Estimate of the burden of snakebites in sub-Saharan Africa: A meta-analytic approach. Toxicon 57: 586–599.
-
9.
Mohapatra B, Warrell DA, Suraweera W, Bhatia P, Dhingra N, Jotkar RM, Rodriguez PS, Mishra K, Whitaker R, Jha P; Million Death Study Collaborators, 2011. Snakebite mortality in India: A nationally representative mortality survey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1018.
-
10.
Suraweera W et al., 2020. Trends in snakebite deaths in India from 2000 to 2019 in a nationally representative mortality study. eLife 9: e54076.
-
11.
Ediriweera DS et al., 2016. Mapping the risk of snakebite in Sri Lanka—A national survey with geospatial analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004813.
-
12.
Rahman R et al., 2010. Annual incidence of snakebite in rural Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e860.
-
13.
Habib AG, Kuznik A, Hamza M, Abdullahi MI, Chedi BA, Chippaux JP, Warrell DA, 2015. Snakebite is under appreciated: Appraisal of burden from West Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0004088.
-
14.
Pandey DP, Shrestha BR, Acharya KP, Shah KJ, Thapa-Magar C, Dhakal IP, Mohamed F, Isbister GK, 2023. A prospective study of snakebite in a tertiary care hospital in south-western Nepal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 117: 435–443.
-
15.
Bawaskar HS, Bawaskar PH, Punde DP, Inamdar MK, Dongare RB, Bhoite RR, 2008. Profile of snakebite envenoming in rural Maharashtra, India. J Assoc Physicians India 56: 88–95.
-
16.
Vaiyapuri S et al., 2013. Snakebite and its socio-economic impact on the rural population of Tamil Nadu, India. PLoS One 8: e80090.
-
17.
Vaiyapuri S, Kadam P, Chandrasekharuni G, Oliveira IS, Senthilkumaran S, Salim A, Patel K, de Almeida Gonçalves Sachett J, Pucca MB, 2023. Multifaceted community health education programs as powerful tools to mitigate snakebite-induced deaths, disabilities, and socioeconomic burden. Toxicon X 17: 100147.
-
18.
Hasan SMK, Basher A, Molla AA, Sultana NK, Faiz MA, 2012. The impact of snake bite on household economy in Bangladesh. Trop Doct 42: 41–43.
-
19.
Williams SS, Wijesinghe CA, Jayamanne SF, Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Lalloo DG, de Silva HJ, 2011. Delayed psychological morbidity associated with snakebite envenoming. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1255.
-
20.
Jayawardana S, Arambepola C, Chang T, Gnanathasan A, 2018. Long-term health complications following snake envenoming. J Multidiscip Healthc 11: 279–285.
-
21.
Habib ZG, Salihu AS, Hamza M, Yakasai AM, Iliyasu G, Yola IM, Gudaji MI, Abubakar SB, Habib AG, 2021. Posttraumatic stress disorder and psycho-social impairment following snakebite in Northeastern Nigeria. Int J Psychiatry Med 56: 97–115.
-
22.
Magalhães SFV, Peixoto HM, de Almeida Gonçalves Sachett J, Oliveira SS, Alves EC, Dos Santos Ibiapina HN, Monteiro WM, de Oliveira MRF, 2020. Snakebite envenomation in the Brazilian Amazon: A cost-of-illness study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 114: 642–649.
-
23.
Khan A, Al-Kathiri WH, Balkhi B, Samrkandi O, Al-Khalifa MS, Asiri Y, 2020. The burden of bites and stings management: Experience of an academic hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 28: 1049–1054.
-
24.
Boyer LV, 2015. On 1000-fold pharmaceutical price markups and why drugs cost more in the United States than in Mexico. Am J Med 128: 1265–1267.
-
25.
Patikorn C, Leelavanich D, Ismail AK, Othman I, Taychakhoonavudh S, Chaiyakunapruk N, 2020. Global systematic review of cost of illness and economic evaluation studies associated with snakebite. J Glob Health 10: 1–8.
-
26.
Ye J, Scheidt JF, Staton CA, Andrade L, Vissoci JRN, Gerardo CJ, 2018. Low socioeconomic development impacts treatment of snake envenomation in Brazil. Toxicon 150: 331–332.
-
27.
World Health Organization, 2022. Regional Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Snakebite Envenoming in South-East Asia 2022–2030. New Delhi, India: WHO, Regional Office for South-East Asia.
-
28.
Pandey DP, Thapa NB, 2023. Analysis of news media-reported snakebite envenoming in Nepal during 2010–2022. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 17: e0011572.
-
29.
Pandey DP, Vohra R, Stalcup P, Shrestha BR, 2016. A season of snakebite envenomation: Presentation patterns, timing of care, anti-venom use, and case fatality rates from a hospital of southcentral Nepal. J Venom Res 7: 1–9.
-
30.
Sharma SK, Kuch U, Höde P, Bruhse L, Pandey DP, Ghimire A, Chappuis F, Alirol E, 2016. Use of molecular diagnostic tools for the identification of species responsible for snakebite in Nepal: A pilot study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004620.
-
31.
Pandey DP, Ghimire A, Shrestha BR, 2019. Retrospective documentation of a confirmed white-lipped green pit viper (Trimeresurus albolabris Gray, 1842) bite in the south-central hills of Nepal. Wilderness Environ Med 30: 79–85.
-
32.
Pandey DP, Chaudhary B, Shrestha BR, 2021. Documentation of a proven mountain pitviper (Ovophis monticola) envenomation in Kathmandu, Nepal, with its distribution ranges: Implications for prevention and control of pitviper bites in Asia. J Venom Res 11: 1–6.
-
33.
Pandey DP, Thapamagar C, 2019.Medically Important Snakes and Snakebite Management in Nepal. Bharatpur, Nepal: Bishnu Kumari Pandey.
-
34.
Warrell DA, Williams DJ, 2023. Clinical aspects of snakebite envenoming and its treatment in low-resource settings. Lancet 401: 1382–1398.
-
35.
Lang H, Amito J, Dünser MW, Giera R, Towey R, 2020. Intensive-care management of snakebite victims in rural sub-Saharan Africa: An experience from Uganda. South Afr J Crit Care 36: 39–45.
-
36.
Seifert SA, Armitage JO, Sanchez EE, 2022. Snake envenomation. N Engl J Med 386: 68–78.
-
37.
Holla SK, Rao HA, Shenoy D, Boloor A, Boyanagari M, 2018. The role of fresh frozen plasma in reducing the volume of anti-snake venom in snakebite envenomation. Trop Doct 48: 89–93.
-
38.
Kasturiratne A, Pathmeswaran A, Wickremasinghe AR, Jayamanne SF, Dawson A, Isbister GK, de Silva HJ, Lalloo DG, 2017. The socio-economic burden of snakebite in Sri Lanka. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0005647.
-
39.
Shah KB, Sherstha JM, Thapa CL, 2003. Snakebite Management Guideline. Kathmandu, Nepal: Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Zoonoses Control Sub-section, Government of Nepal.
-
40.
Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Kathmandu Government of Nepal, 2019. National Guideline for Snake Bite Management in Nepal. Teku, Kathmandu: Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population, Department of Health Services, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division.
-
41.
Larg A, Moss JR, 2011. Cost-of-illness studies: A guide to critical evaluation. Pharmacoeconomics 29: 653–671.
-
42.
Grosse SD, 2009. Human capital approach. Kattan MW Encyclopedia of Medical Decision Making. London, United Kingdom: Sage Publications.
-
43.
Murray CJ et al., 2012. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380: 2197–2223.
-
44.
Razali NM, Wah YB, 2011. Power comparisons of Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors and Anderson-Darling tests. J Stat Model Analytics 2: 21–33.
-
45.
Alcoba G et al., 2022. Snakebite epidemiology in humans and domestic animals across the Terai region in Nepal: A multicluster random survey. Lancet Glob Health 10: e398–e408.
-
46.
Chaudhary B, Dahal A, Bhattarai R, Pandey D, 2023. News media coverage of snakebite incidence in Nepal during 2010–2022. Adv Clinical Toxicol 8: 1–15.
-
47.
Sharma SK, Chappuis F, Jha N, Bovier PA, Loutan L, Koirala S, 2004. Impact of snakebites and determinants of fatal outcomes in southeastern Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 234–238.
-
48.
Babo Martins S, Bolon I, Alcoba G, Ochoa C, Torgerson P, Sharma SK, Ray N, Chappuis F, Ruiz de Castañeda R, 2022. Assessment of the effect of snakebite on health and socioeconomic factors using a One Health perspective in the Terai region of Nepal: A cross-sectional study. Lancet Glob Health 10: e409–e15.
-
49.
Shrestha BR, Pandey DP, Acharya KP, Thapa-Magar C, Mohamed F, Isbister GK, 2017. Effective, polyvalent, affordable antivenom needed to treat snakebite in Nepal. Bull World Health Organ 95: 718–719.
-
50.
Williams HF, Vaiyapuri R, Gajjeraman P, Hutchinson G, Gibbins JM, Bicknell AB, Vaiyapuri S, 2017. Challenges in diagnosing and treating snakebites in a rural population of Tamil Nadu, India: The views of clinicians. Toxicon 130: 44–46.
-
51.
Baral B, Magar GB, Shah KB, 2022. Socio-economic manifestation dealing with a proven green pit viper (Cryptelytrops sp.) envenomation—A case from Nalagad Municipality, Jajarkot, Karnali Province, Nepal. J Clin Exp Investig 13: em00786.
-
52.
Chuang PC, Chang KW, Cheng SY, Pan HY, Huang KC, Huang YT, Li CJ, 2021. Benefits of early in-hospital antivenom administration to patients with Protobothrops mucrosquamatus envenomation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 104: 323–328.
-
53.
Salim A et al., 2023. Identifying key factors contributing to treatment costs for snakebite envenoming in private tertiary healthcare settings in Tamil Nadu, India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 17: e0011699.
-
54.
Vasquez C, Neri Castro E, Carter ED, 2024. Therapeutic itineraries of snakebite victims and antivenom access in southern Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 18: e0012301.
-
55.
Kawabata K, Xu K, Carrin G, 2002. Preventing impoverishment through protection against catastrophic health expenditure. Bull World Health Organ 80: 612.
-
56.
Salim A et al., 2024. Challenges in rescuing snakes to protect human lives and promote snake conservation in Tamil Nadu, India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 18: e0012516.
-
57.
Hsu J-Y, Chiang SO, Yang CC, Mao YC, 2024. A nationwide study on the risks of complications and healthcare costs of snakebite envenomation in Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 111: 205–215.
-
58.
Bhaumik S, 2013. Snakebite: A forgotten problem. BMJ 346: f628.
-
59.
Alirol E et al., 2017. Dose of antivenom for the treatment of snakebite with neurotoxic envenoming: Evidence from a randomised controlled trial in Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0005612.
-
60.
Bawaskar HS, Bawaskar PH, Bawaskar PH, 2020. Primary health care for snakebite in India is inadequate. Lancet 395: 112.
-
61.
Pandey DP, Subedi Pandey G, Sapkota S, Dangol DR, Devkota NR, 2023. Attitudes, knowledge and practices of traditional snakebite healers in Nepal: Implication for prevention and control of snakebite. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 117: 219–228.
-
62.
Smelski G, Watkins SA, Wilson B, Ramirez J, Mazda Shirazi F, Walter FG, 2024. Evaluation of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis definition of major bleeding in Arizona rattlesnake bites. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 62: 569–573.
-
63.
Pandey DP, 2007. Epidemiology of snakebites based on field survey in Chitwan and Nawalparasi Districts, Nepal. J Med Toxicol 3: 164–168.
-
64.
Patikorn C et al., 2022. Estimating economic and disease burden of snakebite in ASEAN countries using a decision analytic model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e0010775.
-
65.
Habib AG, 2013. Public health aspects of snakebite care in West Africa: Perspectives from Nigeria. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 19: 27.
-
66.
Pandey DP, Sharma SK, Alirol E, Sharma CM, Thapa-Magar C, Chappuis F, Kuch U, 2018. Eco-epidemiological circumstances, pre-admission histories and assessment of risk factors of envenoming and death due to Krait and Russell’s viper bites in Southern Nepal. Toxicon 150: 331.
-
67.
Michael GC, Thacher TD, Shehu MIL, 2011. The effect of pre-hospital care for venomous snakebite on outcome in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 105: 95–101.
-
68.
Paudel KM, Poudyal VP, Rayamajhi RB, Budhathoki SS, 2015. Clinico-epidemiological profile and outcome of poisonous snake bites in children using the WHO treatment protocol in western Nepal. J Nobel Med College 4: 21–25.
-
69.
Schurer JM, Admasu MT, Bonaventure M, Hakizimana D, Murara E, MacDonald LE, Rafferty E, 2023. “I sold my towel and shoes to pay the traditional healer”: Care-seeking costs and productivity losses among snakebite victims in Eastern Province, Rwanda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 17: e0011768.
-
70.
Pandey DP, 2023. Global perspectives on human-snake interactions. Penning DS Snakes: Morphology, Function, and Ecology. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 547–596.
-
71.
Waiddyanatha S, Silva A, Weerakoon K, Siribaddana S, Isbister GK, 2022. Long-term health effects perceived by snakebite patients in rural Sri Lanka: A cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e0010723.
-
72.
Bhaumik S, Kallakuri S, Kaur A, Devarapalli S, Daniel M, 2020. Mental health conditions after snakebite: A scoping review. BMJ Glob Health 5: e004131.
-
73.
Wood L et al., 2022. “Then they prayed, they did nothing else, they just prayed for the boy and he was well”: A qualitative investigation into the perceptions and behaviours surrounding snakebite and its management in rural communities of Kitui county, Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e0010579.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 95360 | 95360 | 54372 |
| Full Text Views | 115 | 115 | 43 |
| PDF Downloads | 38 | 38 | 0 |